1800-1900 British Indian ..indian history | mahatama ghandi | the treaty of Amaritsar

The Treaty of Amritsar

The Treaty of Amritsar took place between April 25, 1809, between Ranjeet Singh and East India Company. At that time, Lord Minto was the first Governor-General of India.
Through this treaty, the princely states of Sutlej crossed over to the British and in the west of the Sutlej, the ruler of Punjab state, Ranjit Singh was accepted.
Kashmir who was part of Ranjit Singh's kingdom was taken away from King Dalip Singh and the British gave it to Gulab Singh.
This agreement restored Anglo-Sikh relations to one generation. The immediate reason for this treaty was joint effort of bringing the control of the Satluj States of Maharaja Ranjit Singh to the fear of the French attack in the Northwestern region and after the 'Tilissant Treaty' (1807) with Napoleonic Russians.
The British wanted a defense treaty against the French and they wanted to control Punjab from the Sutlej, although it was not a defense treaty, but it fixed the Satluj river as a standard boundary line.
This goal of Metcalfe has created a respect for the company's disciplined army in the mind of Ranjit Singh and determination not to fight. After this his victory-campaign was towards the west and north.
Gulab Singh was a Sardar of Lahore court. In return, he gave ten lakh rupees to the British.

Sati custom was banned

In the year 829 AD, King Rammohan Roy assisted the government in implementing the law imposed by Lord William Bantant, Governor-General of India, to restrict Sati's practice. Raja Rammohun Roy, while expressing his support for western education said, 'It is necessary for our entire development.' The Hindu College was established in Calcutta with the help of David Hare in 1817 AD.

Visit of Rajaram Mohan Roy to England

Raja Rammohan Roy was born on 22 May 1772 in the village of Radha Nagar in a village in Bengal, in the Bengali Brahmin family with old ideas. He studied Arabic, Persian, English, Greek, Hebrew etc. in his life. He also had a serious study of Hindu, Christian, Islam and Sufism. In the short life of 17 years, he became an idol worshiper. They were quite influenced by the English language and civilization. He traveled to England Religion and society reform was their main goal. They believed in the unity of God and were against all kinds of religious superstitions and rituals. He published his thoughts in articles and books. But he had a lot of conflict with Hindu and Christian preachers, but he continued to support his thoughts throughout his life and for the sake of his preaching, he established Brahma Samaj.

Rajaram Mohan Roy's death

King Rammohan Rai died in England on 27 September 1833.

King Rammohan Rai's samadhi is in Arnos Well graveyard in Bristol, UK. On September 27, 2013, his 180th death anniversary was. Very few people would have known that due to meningitis during the journey, their unexpected death in Britain was here. In that era, cremation was not permitted in Britain, so their bodies were suppressed / absorbed in the ground. The samadhi was then dusty, broken, unknowingly, neglected, and in bad condition. The English woman who married an Indian Parsi, 'Carla Contractor' Pioneered its restoration Five years ago, with the help of a Kolkata businessman and then the mayor, he revived it and gave it the shape of a grand tombstone. With the efforts of Carla, only a rare statue of King made with the elephant has been kept in the Tombstone. On September 27, 2013, a tribute meeting was held in Bristol on the same tomb of King Rammohan Rai. It is worth remembering that a statue of two-storeyed height of Raja Ram Mohan Roy built with a bright black stone at a prominent place in Bristol Nagar is also established in which the books are holding hands in it. [

The death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh

By the time of his death at the age of 59, at the time of his death on June 7, 1839, he had built an organized Sikh state which extended from Peshawar to Satluj and from Kashmir to Sindh. But in this vast empire, he could not make any strong governance, and neither could communicate the national sentiment in the Sikhs, as Shivaji had created in Maharashtra. As a result, only 10 years after his death this empire was destroyed. Even then, it has to be acknowledged that despite the opposition of Afghan, British and some of his fellow Sikh warlords, on the basis of the great achievements that Ranjit Singh achieved, he should be counted in the great figures of Indian history of nineteenth century.

 The first Afghan war

The Anglo-Afghan war is also called 'Afghan War'. Three Afghan wars (1838-1842 AD) were fought in history, 1878-1880 AD, 1919 AD. Russia's influence on India's neighboring country Afghanistan was gradually increasing, and this effect could have proven to be quite dangerous for India. With the aim of preventing the growing influence of Russia and to combine Afghanistan into the British Empire, the British attacked three times against their Indian counterparts against the Afghans. In the first battle Vijay got easy access to him, but it became difficult to maintain control over him. The British had to pay a heavy price for victory in the second war. The British could not take permanent possession of Afghanistan, but they kept control over its policy. Third and final war of Afghanistan's defeat and the 'Treaty of Rawalpindi' (August, 1919 AD) ) Ended with After this Afghanistan became completely independent.

The ex-Amir Shah Jujah of Afghanistan lived in Ludhiana city of Punjab after being pensionable. At the time, with the secret support of Russia, the Persian army surrounded the border town of Herat in Afghanistan. Herat was considered a city of very strategic importance and it was considered 'the gate of India'. When Persia took control of Russia with the help of it, the Government of England considered it a threat to the British Empire of India. Although at that time between the Persian empire of India and India, Ranjeet Singh in Punjab and an independent state of friends in Afghanistan were Muhammad.

The first British-Sikh war

The first Anglo-Sikh war was fought between the Sikh kingdom of Punjab and the British between 1845-46. As a result, some part of the Sikh kingdom became part of the English Raj .
First Battle of the First Sikh War (18 December 1845) happened in the Mudki. Due to the escape from the battlefield of Prime Minister Lal Singh, the defeat of the Sikh army was confirmed.
Second Front (December 21) happened in Ferozeshah. Despite heavy losses of the English army, the Sikh army was defeated due to the disappearance of Lal Singh and the Chief General of Teja Singh at night, the Sikh army was defeated.
Third Front (January 21, 1846) happened in Badawal. In the legacy of Ranjitsinh and Ajitsingh, the Sikh army defeated Harry Smith; However, due to the timely help received by Brigadier Curtain, the situation of the English army was found somewhat.
The fourth front (January 28) happened in Alwal, where the British had a clash with the Sikhs (Skirmish) .
Last train (February 10) happened in Swaroos. After three-hour fire, Principal English commander Lord Gough invaded the strong Sikh Front, situated on the left bank of the Sutlej. Firstly, Gulab Singh deliberately relaxed the delivery of logistics to the Sikh army. Second, Lal Singh did not provide timely assistance in the war. Third, Chief General Tejasinh did not leave the field while reaching the extreme point of the war, but also broke the bridge of the boat situated towards the back of the Sikh army. Even in a quandary, Sikh soldiers fought till the last front, but eventually, they had to surrender .
On 20 February 1846, the victorious English army arrived in Lahore. According to the treaty of Lahore (March 9) and Bhairaval (December 16), English dominance was established on Punjab. Lawrence was appointed British resident and handed over the administrative authority. Pension was tied to the mother and guardian Queen Zinda, the mother of the younger adult, Dilip Singh. Now Punjab was left to be authorized, which was completed by Dalhousie .
reason
In fact, indirectly, the seeding of the Anglo-Sikh conflict took place only when the determination of English marginal line on [[Sutlej] was established with the establishment of English guardianship on Eastern Sikh princely states. Converting to Ferozepur's English Cantonment (1838) near Sikh Capital, Lahore, also caused a future fear for the Sikhs. Governor General Allenbera and his successor Hardinz were supporters of the following policy. On October 23, 1845, Hardies wrote to Ellenbera that Punjab would be either Sikh or British; And, the delay was only because the cause of the war was untraced so far. The reason also became available when the arbitrary but uncontrolled Sikh army was overwhelmed with the excitement of the British, and became entangled for the struggle, after incitement by the selfish interests of the disordered Lahore Courts, by mutual suppression and conspiracies. The Sikh army crossed the Sutlej (December 13,Given

 Second British-Burma War

Due to the conditions of the practice of Jandhhu, the British had to remove their residency from Burma in 1840. Their business could not get enough growth. On this, dissatisfied British traders of Rangoon sent excessive complaints against the Burmese government near Lord Dalhousie. Dalhousie accepted these as the truth and sent the Marine Soldier Lieber to Rangoon. He made his arrogance and persistence more intriguing than solving the problem. Dissatisfied with the behavior of the Burmese governor, he fired on the harbor and Calcutta came back and advised Dalhousie to fight. The British had a vision of the Pigu Province and the port of Rangoon already. That is why the Governor-General declared war without giving an ultimatum, started war in 1852 and threatened by an announcement made without a treaty, merged Pigu in Burma's most prosperous province in the British Empire. This second Burma war is unfair and Was unjust With this Burma remained a terrestrial state. His foreign relations relied on the British wishes. Mindon Emperor by removing Pagan by internal revolutionMake it

First Freedom Fight

During the rule of Lord Canning's governor-general, there was a great revolt of 1857 AD. The revolution began on May 10, 1857, from Meerut, which gradually spread to places like Kanpur, Bareilly, Jhansi, Delhi and Awadh. This revolution started as a military rebellion, but in the long run, its form has changed in the form of a mass rebellion against British rule, which was called India's first freedom struggle. It is not a single opinion about the nature of this great revolution of 1857 AD. The scholars have expressed their different views about this, which are as follows - 'Sepoy Rebellion', 'freedom struggle', 'feudal reaction', 'Jankranti', 'national revolt', 'Muslim conspiracy', 'Christianity A religion war against religion and 'struggle of civilization and vandalism' etc.
Due to revolution
Raja Rammohun Rai has continued the movement against the inhuman practice like Sati Pratyahan. His full and sustained support was the only effect, due to which Lord William Bantik was able to stop the practice of Sati in 1829. Steps were taken in the direction of the spread of Western education through English, the official language of the English country was made, the same zodiacal civil and zodiac criminal law was enforced in all the countries, but the rule remained lucrative and it was entirely in the hands of the British Staying in Unlike the Charter Act of 1833, Indians were not appointed on higher posts. The circulation of steam steamers and trains, propagation of Christianity by Christian missionaries, by implementing the theory of sequestration by Lord Dalhousie, or the seizure of some of the ancient princely states on the basis of mismanagement and complaints of Indian soldiers of the British Indian Army; All these reasons together led to a deep dissatisfaction in India, which erupted in 1857-58 as a revolution. The revolution of 1857 was not a sudden rage revolt, but there were many basic reasons with it, which are:
1. Political reasons
2. Financial reasons
3. Religious reasons
4. Social Reasons
5. Soldier's disappointment
result
There were far-reaching consequences for the rebellion of this great Revolution of 1857, which are as follows:
After the end of the rebellion, in 1858 AD, the British Parliament passed a law and ended the existence of the East India Company, and now the full authority of the government on India came in the hands of Queen Victoria. In England, under the Act of 1858, an 'Indian Secretary of State' was arranged, for which a 'Council of Councils' of 15 members was formed. Arrangements were made to appoint 8 of these 15 members by the government and the 7 by the Court of Hercules.
Local people were told to revert their pride and rights. Queen Victoria assured Indian kings to follow all treaties on their behalf, but also with the kings hoping to follow the same type of adherence. In addition to expressing the reluctance of expanding his state territory, he spoke of not tolerating encroachment of his territories or rights and encroachment on others, as well as talk of ending religious exploitation and appointment without discrimination in services. the added.
On the basis of military reorganization, the number of European soldiers was increased. Appointment of Indians on high military posts was discontinued. On the artillery, the English army was completely empowered. Now the proportion of Indians and British soldiers in the army for the Bengal Presidency has been reduced to 2: 1, whereas in Madras and Bombay Prophecies this ratio is 3: 1. Recruitment of soldiers from high caste people was stopped .
Under the Act of 1858 AD, it was changed in the designation of governor-general in India and given the designation of 'Viceroy'.
As a result of the Revolution of the Revolution, the communist structure was devastated. In the common Indians, the image of the feudalists became traitors, because this class supported the British in suppressing the revolt.
As a result of the rebellion, a sense of national unity was developed among the Indians and Hindu-Muslim unity began to take hold, which has long been a significant contribution to the national movement.
After the revolution of 1857 AD, the policy of expansion of the empire became defiled, but in its place now the era of economic exploitation began.
In the administration of Indians, under the scant efforts in the field of representation, the 'Indian Council Act' was passed in 1861.
Apart from this, the decrease in the propagation of Christianity, the interpretation of the principle of high caste highs and the end of the existence of the Mughal Empire, etc. were the other consequences of the revolt of 1857 AD.

 Rabindranath thakur

Rabindranath Thakur (Bengali: রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর) (7 May 1861 - 7 August, 1941) is also known as Gurudev. He is the only Nobel laureate of the world famous poet, litterateur, philosopher and Indian literature. Through the Bengali literature, there was an era of new life in Indian cultural consciousness. He is the first Nobel laureate in Asia. He is the only poet whose two works have become the national anthem of two nations - the national anthem of India and the national anthem of Bangladesh, Amar Sonar Bangla are the compositions of Gurudev.
life
Rabindranath Thakur was born on 7th May 1861 as the son of Devendranath Tagore and Sharda Devi in ​​the Jalsasanko Thakurbadi in Kolkata. His schooling was studied at the prestigious St. Xavier's School. In the year 1878, he wanted to become a barrister, enrolling in public school in Bridgton, England. He studied law at the University of London, but returned home only after obtaining a degree in 1880. In 1883, he got married to Mrinalini Devi .
Composer
Main article: works of Rabindranath Thakur
From childhood, he began to see the wonderful talent in his poetry, style and language. He wrote the first poem at the age of eight, and in 1877 his short story was published only at the age of sixteen. Gitanjali, Eastern Prahni, Shishu Bholanath, Mahua, Vanwan, Remnant, PS, Vythika Balachalakha, Chokherbalali, Kanika, Naivedya Mayer played the episodes of the new era of Indian cultural consciousness. All the literature, philosophy, culture etc. he had drawn from the country and abroad and had reconciled himself. Because of the father's Brahma-Samaj, he was also a Brahma-Samajya. But through his compositions and deeds he also carried forward the Sanatan religion .
The eternal contact between man and God, within his compositions, emerges in different forms. There is hardly any such branch in literature, in which there is no composition - poetry, song, story, novel, drama, arrangement, sculpture - in all the genres he has composed. Among his published works - Gitanjali, Gitali, Geetimalya, Katha O Story, Babu, Shiva Bholanath, Kanika, Takika, Kheya etc. are prominent. He also translated some books into English. After English translation, his talent spread throughout the world .
Shantiniketan
Tagore was very fond of nature since childhood. He always used to think that only students should study in the context of nature. In order to give this idea a convincing thought, he left Sealdah in 1901 and came to Shantiniketan to establish the ashram. Tagore established Shantiniketan with trees, gardens and a library in the proximity of nature.
Rabindra music
Tagore composed approximately 2,230 songs. Ravindra Sangeet is an integral part of Bangla culture. Tagore's music can not be separated from his literature. Most of his compositions have now joined his songs. These songs, inspired by the Thumri style of Hindustani classical music, present different colors of human emotions.
Gurudev's songs in different ragas make it appear as if his composition was made for that particular song. This nature lover, who is deeply attached to nature, is the only person who wrote the national anthem for two countries .
visit
Gurudev started painting in the last days of his life. In it the voices of the age, the voices of anger, closeness and despair have appeared. In the compositions of the eternal contact between man and God, he emerged in different forms. There was always ideological differences between nationalism and humanity between Tagore and Mahatma Gandhi. Where Gandhishi used nationalism on the first leg, Tagore used to give humanity more importance than nationalism. But both of them respected each other very much. Tagore gave the adjective of Mahatma to Gandhiji. There was a time when Shantiniketan was struggling with economic crisis and Gurudev was collecting funds by staging plays across the country. At that time Gandhali gave a check of Rs 60 thousand grant to Tagore.
When he was being taken from Shantiniketan to Calcutta for some time before the end of his life on August 7, 1941, his nosteen said that you know we are building a new power house here. In response, he said that yes old old light will be gone and the arrival of the new will be.

 Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi (English: Mahatma Gandhi, born: October 2, 1869 - Death: January 30, 1948) is considered the leader of the Indian National Movement against British rule and the 'Father of the Nation'. His full name was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. He received international fame for his non-violent protest theory to achieve political and social progress. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was a prominent political and spiritual leader of India and Indian independence movement. They had an unbroken relationship with 'Sabarmati Ashram'. Mahatma Gandhi was associated with the life of this ashram, hence he also got the title of 'saint of Sabarmati' .
Life introduction
Mahatma Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 at Porbandar in Gujarat. His parents were hardcore Hindus. His father's name was Karamchand Gandhi. The name of Mohandas's mother was Putlibai, the fourth wife of Karamchand Gandhi ji. Mohandas was the last child of his father's fourth wife. His father, Karamchand (Kabah Gandhi), was the first British governor under the British rule in Porbandar, the capital of a small princely state in the state of western India, and later he was deep in Rajkot (Kathiawar) and Wankaner respectively. Karamchand Gandhi had not received much formal education, but he was an efficient administrator and he came to find his way between the eccentric princes, his grieving people and the ruling British political authorities.
Gandhi's mother, Putlibai was highly religious and did not have much interest in pleasure and luxury. His routine was divided into house and temple. He used to fast on regular basis, and in the family, when someone fell sick, he used to serve him in a nursing home. Mohan Das grew up in the ram family in Vaishnavism and had a profound influence on Jainism of Indian religion with hard policies. Whose main principle, non-violence and all things in the world, is to be eternal. In this way, they naturally adopted the mutual tolerance of non-violence, vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification and those who followed various sects .

Indian National Congress

Indian National Congress is a political party of India. In the British Raj this group was founded on 28 December 1885 by AO Hume. The current president of this party is Sonia Gandhi. This party also publishes a bulletin called Congress Message. The youth organization of this group is the Indian Youth Congress. In the 2004 parliamentary elections, the party won 145 seats by getting 10,34,05,272 votes (26.7% of the total votes) .

Jawaharlal Nehru

Jawaharlal Nehru (November 14, 1889 - May 27, 1964) was born in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. He was the first Prime Minister of Independent India.
life
Jawaharlal Nehru was born in the house of Motilal Nehru, a wealthy lawyer in Allahabad. His mother's name was Swaroop Rani Nehru. He was the only son of Motilal Nehru. In addition to this, Moti Lal Nehru had three daughters. Nehru was Saraswat Brahmin of the Kashmiri descent.
Jawaharlal Nehru received education in some of the finest schools and universities of the world. He completed his schooling from Harrow, and college education from Trinity College, London. After this he completed his law degree from the University of Cambridge. In England he spent seven years in which there developed a rational approach to the Fabian socialism and Irish nationalism .
Jawaharlal Nehru returned to India in 1912 and started advocacy. In 1916, he got married to Kamala Nehru. Jawaharlal Nehru joined the Home Rule League in 1917. His real initiation in politics came two years later in 1919 when he came in contact with Mahatma Gandhi. At that time Mahatma Gandhi started a campaign against the Rule Act. Nehru was attracted to Mahatma Gandhi's active but peaceful, civil disobedience movement .
Nehru also adopted his family as per Mahatma Gandhi's teachings. Jawaharlal and Motilal Nehru abandoned western clothes and expensive property. They started wearing a Khadi kurta and Gandhi cap. Jawaharlal Nehru took an active part in the non-cooperation movement in 1920-1922 and was arrested for the first time during this period. After some months he was released.
Jawaharlal Nehru was elected president of Allahabad Municipal Corporation in 1924 and served for two years as Chief Executive Officer of the city. In 1926, he resigned after referring to lack of cooperation from the British authorities.
From 1926 to 1928, Jawaharlal served as the General Secretary of All India Congress Committee. In 1928-29, the annual session of Congress was held under the chairmanship of Motilal Nehru. In that session, Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose supported the demand for full political freedom, while Motilal Nehru and other leaders supported the demand for the status of dominion status within the British Empire. In order to solve the issue, Gandhi took the middle path and said that Britain will be given two years to give India state status and if it does not happen then Congress will start a national struggle for full political independence. Nehru and Bose demanded that this time be reduced to one year. The British government did not respond to it.
In December 1929, the annual session of the Congress was held in Lahore in which Jawaharlal Nehru was elected President of the Congress Party. During this session, a resolution was passed which demanded 'full self-rule'. Jawaharlal Nehru hoisted the flag of independent India on January 26, 1930 in Lahore. Gandhiji also called the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930. The movement was successful and it forced the British government to accept the need for major political reforms.
When the British government promulgated the India Act of 1935, the Congress party decided to contest the elections. Nehru stayed out of the election, but campaigned for the party with a vigorous nationwide campaign. The Congress formed governments in almost every province and won the highest number of seats in the Central Assembly.
Nehru was elected president of the Congress in 1936 and 1937. He was arrested in 1942 during the Quit India Movement in 1945 and was just left. During the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, he made a significant contribution in the talks with the British Government.

Subhash Chandra Bose

Apart from Subhash Chandra Bose (English: Subhas Chandra Bose, born January 23, 1897 AD, Cuttack, Orissa; August 18, 1945 AD, Japan), there was no such personality in India's history, which together Senapati, heroic soldier, amazing player of politics and internationally renowned men, leaders who sit together in diplomacy and discussions. For India's independence, Subhash Chandra Bose has woken up almost all over Europe. Bose was a patriot with nature, god devotee and tan and mind from nature. Subhash Chandra Bose, who had called Mahatma Gandhi's 'Namak Satyagraha' as the 'Parisian Journey of Napoleon', had a personality whose path was never stopped by selfish interests. Whose feet dreamed of, which never dreamed of Netaji had the amazing ability to stand in front of truth.
Life introduction
Subhash Chandra Bose was born on January 23, 1897 in the place called Cuttack of Orissa. During World War II, Bose, who led the 'Azad Hind Fauj' against Western powers, was an Indian revolutionary, also known as 'Netaji'. Bose's father's name was 'Janakinath Bose' and mother's name was 'Impression'. Jankinath Bose was a popular advocate of Cuttack. Earlier he was a government lawyer, but later he started private practice.
He had worked for a long time in the municipality and he was also a member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly. The British government gave them the title of 'Rai Bihadur'. The name of the father of Imphati Devi was Ganganarayana Dutt. The Dutt family was considered to be a noble family of Kolkata. Effecti and Jankinath Bose had a total of 14 offspring, including 6 daughters and eight sons. Subhash Chandra Bose was his ninth child and fifth son. Of all his brothers, Subhash was most attracted to Sharad Chandra. The other son of Sharad Babu Pratishti and Jankinath. Subhash used to call him 'tableau'. Sharadababu's wife's name was Vibhavati.
Feeling of patriotism
Bose, who considered English education as prohibitive education But his father explained to him - how will the country be good for us till we will not take the administrative position from the Indian British? Subhash went to England to join the ICS Passed the test of. They did not qualify in the competition, remained in the fourth place. Leader was a very meritorious student. They wanted to be in the position of higher officer. But their country's spirit of devotion inspired them to do something different. Bose ji gave up resignation letter. The whole country was shocked. Explaining to Bose, you were told - you know that you will be the leader of millions of Indians? Will thousands of your countrymen bow down to you? Subhash said-
I do not want people to rule over their minds. Their heart wants to be emperor .