Trip to Tibet
Rahul Sankrityan, who was given the title of Mahapandit, was a prominent literary figure in Hindi. He was a prestigious multilingual and in the first half of the twentieth century, he contributed literary contributions in the field of travel stories / travel literature and worldview. He is called the father of Hindi travel literature. His research on Buddhism is considered as a legend in Hindi literature, for which he had traveled from Tibet to Sri Lanka. Apart from this, he also wrote travelogue on Central Asia and Caucasus excursions, which are very important in literary terms.Partition of Bengal
The decision of partition of Bengal was announced on July 19, 1905 by the then Viceroy of India Lord Curzon. The division took effect on October 16, 1905. Because of the high level political unrest caused by the partition, due to the pressure of the Indian public on both sides in 1911, the eastern and western parts of Bengal were reunited.the division
First thought about partition of Bengal in 1903 Additional proposals were also made to separate the districts of Chittagong and Dhaka and Mymensingh from Bengal to the Assam region. Similarly, Chota Nagpur was also to be merged with the Central Province.
The government officially published this idea in January of 1904 and in February Lord Curzon made official visits to assess public opinion on the division in the eastern districts of Bengal. He consulted with prominent personalities and gave a speech in Dhaka, Chittagong and Memon Singh and tried to explain the stand of the government on the partition. Henry John Stampton Cotton, who was the chief commissioner of Assam between 1896 and 1902, opposed the idea.
In 1905 Bengal was partitioned by the then Viceroy Lord Curzon of India on October 16. The division was encouraged for administrative tasks, Bengal was almost as big as France, while its population was much higher than France. It was thought that the eastern region was not neglected and properly governed. Between the division of the province, a better administration could be established in the eastern region, which eventually resulted in the benefit of the public and school employment opportunities. However, the other objectives behind the planning of the plan were also hidden. Bengali Hindus were leading in the political movement for greater participation in governance, so now their position was weakening by the rise of supremacy of Muslims in the past. Both Hindus and Muslims opposed the partition. After the partition, however, the anti-British movement prevailed almost at the national level, in which nonviolent and violent protests,
Before the cancellation in 1911, the partition had barely lasted half a decade. However, Britain's policy behind partition was Divide at Imperá, which had been influencing the reorganized province. In 1919, separate election system was established for Muslims and Hindus. Prior to this, many members of both communities had advocated national unity for all Bengalis. Now, different communities develop their own political issues. The Muslims also gained supremacy in the Legislature, on the strength of their overall numerical strength, which was roughly between 20 million and 20 million to 200 million. At the national level, demands for the creation of two independent states for Hindus and Muslims began to rise; most Bengali Hindus now begin to favor the partition of Bengal which is based on the Hindu majority region and the Muslim majority region. Muslims now wanted to make the entire province a part of the Muslim state, Pakistan. In 1947 Bengal was divided for the second time, this time on religious basis. It became East Pakistan However, after a successful liberation war in 1971, East Pakistan became an independent state with the name of Bangladesh after the Western Pakistani military rule. Many times, division may be a practical strategy to avoid bloodshed, but more often than not it becomes the cause of new problems, which can divide more people.
Establishment of Muslim League
The original name of the Muslim League was 'All India Muslim League'. It was a political group, which organized a movement for a separate Muslim nation created from the partition of British India (1947 AD). Muslim leaders, especially Muhammad Ali Jinnah, feared that only if Hindus were independent, only Hindus would be dominated by India. That is why he repeatedly repeated the demands of a nation for Muslims separately.Establishment of league
On October 1, 1906, H.H. A group of Muslims, led by Agha Khas, met Viceroy Lord Minto in Shimla. Principal Archbald of Aligarh College was the father of this delegation. This delegation requested Viceroy to arrange separate communal elections for Muslims for provincial, central and local elections. The British high officials had the hand behind sending this delegation. Minto fully supported his demands. As a result, Muslim leaders established 'Muslim League' in Dhaka on December 30, 1906 under the leadership of Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka.
Salimullah was the founder and president of 'Muslim League', while the first session was presided over by Mushtaq Hussain. The main object of this institution was: "To declare devotion to the British Government in Indian Muslims and to protect the political and other rights of Indian Muslims." The Muslim League demanded a separate electoral college of Muslims in its Amritsar session, which was provided by Marley-Minto reforms in 1909 AD. In addition to supporting the Indian National Congress on the basis of the Lucknow Agreement of 1916, the League did not demand the political rights of the Indians.
Organization's inability
Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League led the movement demanding to divide the British India into Hindu and Muslim nations, and after the formation of Pakistan in 1947, the League became the main political party of Pakistan. In the same year, its name was changed to 'All Pakistan Muslim League', but in the form of a modern political party in Pakistan, the League did not work as effectively as it used to work as a mass-based pressure group in British India. By the way, gradually its popularity and the organization's capacity decreased. In the elections of 1954, the 'Muslim League' lost power in East Pakistan (present Bangladesh) and soon afterwards the party lost power in 'Western Pakistan (current Pakistan)'. At the end of the 1960s, the party was divided into various factions and it had completely disappeared till the decade of 1970.
History of Delhi
It is calculated in the ancient cities of Delhi. According to the Mahabharata, for the first time, the Pandavas had settled in the name of Indraprastha, but modern schools believe that the symbols of the Indus Valley civilization have been received near Ropar (Punjab), around Delhi, and the remains of Primitive Delhi in the lowest ruins of the old fort No wonder, in fact, due to its intermediate status in the country and the quaternary parts of India from the northwest Having settled on programmed routes center has been the capital of several empires in Delhi Indian history.Mythological mentions
According to the people, Indraprastha was inhabited by seven cusecs. It can not be said decisively for how long the Pandavas' descendants were in the capital of Indraprastha, but according to the evidence of the Puranas, the heirs of Jainamajaya had kept their capital for a very long time in Hastinapur and their descendants Nichaksu had flown into Ganga of Hastinapur But in the Mauryan period created in Kaushambi near his new capital, Prayag, there is no special significance of Delhi or Indraprastha. Quick was not because of the political power center was at this time Magadha. The birth and development of Buddhism also took place in this part of northern India and in the western state, due to this the rise of Buddhism, the political power of India is also concentrated in this part (Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar).
Historical mentions
After the Mauryan period, the area around Delhi and its surrounding remained relatively unimportant for nearly 13 hundred years. After the disintegration of Harsh's empire, many small Rajput princely states were formed in northern India and in the 12th century, there was a princely state of Prithviraj Chauhan, whose capital was Delhi. The part of Delhi that is Qutub Minar or adjacent territory of Mehrauli is the Delhi of the time of Prithviraj. The present day Jogmaya temple is basically said to be built of this Chauhan king. According to an ancient Janhuruti, Chauhan had taken Delhi with the Tomar as it is reported from a record of 1327 AD. It is also said that Anangpal Tomar had established Delhi in the fourth century AD. He built his fort on the ruins of the fort of Indraprastha.
Mughal period
In 1526 India's first Mughal ruler Babar entered and he made Agra his capital. In 1530, his son Humayun sat on the throne and ruled Delhi for 10 struggling years. In 1553, he built a new city, Dinapnah, in celebration of the establishment of his rule, with great care for it was chosen a place along the Yamuna. Now the city is not named. Because Sher Shah Suri had completely demolished it.
The next two Mughal rulers, Akbar and Jahangir, preferred Agra to rule India, but after coming to Delhi he understood the importance of Delhi. In 1636, Shahjahan instructed the engineers, architects and astrologers to select a place with good climate between Agra and Lahore. On the western side of the Yamuna, Delhi was selected by the sultans in the north of the old fort. Shah Jahan started the construction of new capital by placing a fort called Urdu-e-Maula at the center. Due to the name of the Red Fort, this fort was completed in eight years and on 19th April, 1648, Shahjahan entered the new gate of the river Shahjahanabad in the front door of the river.
Lahore Gate is the grand entrance gate of Shahjahanabad district. From here the main road of the city starts and goes to Fatehpuri Mosque. This road, 36 meters wide, was the main axis of the city, on the middle of the night at the middle of the reservoir, Rupatarali illumination of the Moon gave this place the name Chandni Chowk. This road was a street of Delhi. Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb used to take their royal procession here, Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali rebelled as rebels and Maratha and Rohilla had celebrated the victory.
British rule
When the forerunners captured Delhi in 1803, it was a major center of commerce and business, though the fortified city had changed into a lavishly damaged sloppy settlement. About one thousand thirty thousand in the walled area and about 20 thousand people lived in the suburbs. In view of security and location, the British commanders established East India Company's office in the vicinity of the Red Fort, which was not a densely populated area. Residency was created in the northern part, where the cantonment, stables, vegetable area, arsenal and barood stores, customs offices, a bank two hospitals, some bungalows and a cathedral were also built. According to the new military requirements, some changes were made in the fortress.
The extended cantonment was shifted to northwestern 'ridge' in 1828 in more area than the captured town. An alternative residency was built in the traditional and Gothic style at a high hill station, after which a huge Matkhaff House was built, its owner later became 'Agent of Delhi' instead of the Resident. In the 1840s a self-reliant and culturally different residential suburb developed around the cantonment area, which was called the civil area. The early English rulers of Delhi, such as William Fraser and Charles Matkafah were hypnotized by the rich cultural heritage of the Mughal Rajdarbar. They were allowed to celebrate the traditional ceremony and coins were erected in the name of the emperors.
Launch of new capital
The new capital was inaugurated in January 1931. The road plan of New Delhi is based on the notion of astrology. In the overall plan, Rajpath (Kingsway) is considered as the main base, a series of hexagons and 96 kilometers of main roads. These hexagones were located between the three routes that emanated from the governor's house and used to go to the tomb of historical Jama Masjid, Indraprastha and Safdarjug and connect the present with the past. The purpose of the city's residential structure was to organize the facility of residence. Plantyards were also built in place.
Hundred years of capital
During the period of slavery, British Emperor George V, made Delhi the capital on 12 December 1911, replacing Calcutta with Delhi. Its architecture and construction work was overseen by British architect Edwin Luchenes (Lutyens). After ruling for India for one hundred and fifty years, after the rule of India through Kolkata, the British chose Delhi as a new place by moving the capital to North India in view of its empire expansion and started an ambitious campaign to make the new capital here. To celebrate the throne of King George V and celebrate the emperor of India, in the court held in Delhi, the ruler of British India, Indian Prince, Samant, The people of the military and elite classes gathered in large numbers. A surprise announcement was made in the final phase of the court. The then Viceroy Lord Hurding handed over a document after the announcement of the titles and presentations given on the occasion of the King's Throne. The British King, while reciting the statement, announced the other administrative changes including moving the capital from Calcutta to Delhi, repeating East and West Bengal. This was a surprising decision for the people of Delhi, while this announcement turned the city of a kingdom into a kingdom of empire in one stroke, whereas from 1772 Calcutta was the capital of British India.Lucknow Pact
The Lucknow Agreement is an agreement by Indian National Congress and All India Muslim League in December 1916, which was passed by the Indian National Congress on Lucknow session on December 29, 1916 and by All India Muslim League on 31 December 1916.History
Jinnah was born in Indian politics in 1916 as a leader of the Congress, who had made a Lucknow accord with the Muslim League, emphasizing Hindu-Muslim unity. Significantly, in 1910, he was elected a member of the Central Legislative Council from the Muslim constituency of Bombay, joined the Muslim League in 1913 and became its President in 1916 AD. Mohammad Ali Jinnah presented a joint Congress League plan for constitutional reforms as president of All India Muslim League. Under this scheme, the Congress League agreement was arranged to give more representation to the Muslims in the different constituencies for Muslims and in the provinces where they were minorities. This agreement is called 'Lucknow Pact'.
In Lucknow's meeting, the liberal and conservative groups of Indian National Congress were reconnected. In this agreement, there was a provision about the framework of the Government of India and the relationship between the Hindu and Muslim communities. Mohammed Ali Jinnah and Bal Gangadhar Tilak were the major producers of this agreement. Bal Gangadhar Tilak remembers the country for the Lucknow Pact and the Kesari newspaper.
Format
According to earlier, these proposals were to propagate the political legislation of Gopal Krishna Gokhale. It provided that three-fourths of the provincial and central legislatures should be elected through comprehensive franchise and half of the executive councils, including the members of the Central Executive Council, were elected by the council of Indians. Leaving the provision of the central executive, these proposals were generally included in the Government of India Act of 1919. In the Congress Provincial Council elections, the separate electorate for the Muslims and except Punjab and Bengal, where they gave some concessions to the Hindu and Sikh minorities, agreed in giving them concession (above the proportion of the population) in all the provinces. This consensus was not favorable to certain areas and special groups, but it has cleared the path of Hindu-Muslim cooperation for Mahatma Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement and Quitaf Movement since 1920.
Split
Jinnah was a supporter of the Indian National Congress, but he strongly opposed Gandhiji's non-cooperation movement and on this question he separated from the Congress. After this, the ghost of the fear of the establishment of a Hindu kingdom was over them. They were misinterpreted that the Muslims in Hindu-majority Hindus would never get proper representation. So he became a fierce advocate and a preacher of a new nation, Pakistan. They said that whenever British people transfer power, do not hand them over to the Hindus, Although he is in the majority By doing so, Indian Muslims will have to live under the control of Hindus. Jinnah now began to emphasize the rights of the Muslims rather than the right to freedom of Indians. He got the general diplomatic support of the British and as a result, he finally emerged as the leader of Indian Muslims in the politics of the country. Mohammad Ali Jinnah reconstituted the League and became famous as 'Qayed Azam' (great leader). In 1940, he demanded to form Pakistan by mixing India on a religious basis and Muslim majority provinces. Part of India's partition in 1947 and establishment of Pakistan They demanded to form Pakistan by mixing India on religious basis and Muslim majority provinces. Part of India's partition in 1947 and the establishment of Pakistan They demanded to form Pakistan by mixing India on religious basis and Muslim majority provinces. Part of India's partition in 1947 and the establishment of PakistanHui.
Jallianwala Bagh
Jalianwala Bagh is located in Amritsar, Punjab state. On this place, on April 13, 1919, the English forces invaded Indian demonstrators and massacred them in large numbers. The detachment of this assassin army was led by the tyrannical General Dyer of British rule. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre still seems to tell the story of General Dyer of British rule, when he killed hundreds of innocent patriots by shooting him indiscriminately. That date is still recorded as one of the world's largest massacres.There was a great indignation among the people there because of Gandhiji and some other leaders being banned from the Punjab region. This resignation increased even further when two popular politicians of Punjab arrested Dr. Satyapal and Saifuddin Kichloo for the reason of the Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar without any reason. In protest, the public took out a peaceful procession Police stopped the procession from proceeding and did not succeed in preventing the bullets on the growing crowd, resulting in the death of two people. The procession took a radical look. Government buildings were set on fire and five Englishmen were also killed. Due to the situation of Amritsar city, the British government handed over the administration of the city to the army officer Brig General Dyer on April 10, 1919. He also made some arrests on April 12 and took strong action .
Events
It was Sunday and many farmers of nearby villages had come to Amritsar to make Baisakhi a celebration of Hindus and Sikhs. The garden was surrounded by surroundings. There was only one way to go in. General Dyer posted his soldiers on the only tight entrance route of the garden. The garden was surrounded by the back walls of precincts brick buildings at three sides. Dyer ordered 50 soldiers to shoot pills without any warning and 1650 pills were fired in 10-15 minutes on the roar of children, women and old men screaming, terrorists fleeing. Some of whom died in a stampede of people engaged in trying to save their lives. In this massacre, a person named Hansraj gave assistance to Dyer.
Dyer's logic
General Dyer argued for justifying his action and said that it was necessary for 'ethical and far-reaching effects'. That's why they shot Dyer accepted and said that if there were cartridges, then the firing would continue. The English army continued to fire on the unarmed male-female, child-aged men until they were finished. According to the Congressional Committee's estimation, more than a thousand people were killed there. Hundreds of people jumped into alive well. The bullets were run by the Indian soldiers and behind them were stitches of white ciphers. This massacre was condemned everywhere, but General Dyer was praised in 'British House of Lords'.
Strike and British rule
According to Prof. Chan Lal, on April 6, there was a strike across Punjab and on 10th April 1919, Hindus and Muslims organized a festival at Ramnavami at a very large level. From the Hindu Muslim unity, the then governor of Punjab, Michael Odewire, got nervous. The British Government used the material, price, penalties, distinctions to thwart the April 13 public meeting. In order to scare people, 22 patriots were killed in a few days before this meeting.On April 10, 1919, the British government summoned two big leaders Dr. Satyapal and Saifuddin Kichloo for the talks and they were arrested. They were sentenced to black pepper. On April 10, 1919, the Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar demanded the release of both of these leaders, but the British made peace with the people protesting peacefully, which increased the tension. On that day there was arson on banks, government buildings, town hall, railway stations. 5 European citizens were killed in this violence. After this, British soldiers continued to fire the Indian people, which killed about 8 to 20 Indians. Amritsar remained calm for the next two days but violence was spread in many areas of Punjab. To suppress it, the British rule implemented martial law in Punjab.
Gandhiji's arrest
The British government also arrested Mahatma Gandhi, who was going to attend the Jallianwala Bagh rally, on April 10 from the Palwal railway station. The arrest of their leaders led to the flare up, and on April 13, 1919, thousands of people reached Jallianwala Bagh on Baisakhi day. Looking at the danger of the unity of Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims, the British rule did all this to teach Indians a lesson. The marks of bullets are still present in the Jallianwala Bagh, which tells the story of the atrocities of British rule.
Reactions of genocide
Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore vocally opposed this massacre and returned his title of 'knighthood' in protest. The dream of freedom has not happened even after such a horrific event. After this incident, the desire to gain independence and burst out loud Although the means of communication were less in those days, this news spread like a fire all over the country. 'Independence dream' not only Punjab, The children of the entire country climbed to the head and started speaking. During that time thousands of Indians decided to take the Tilak on the forehead from the soil of Jallianwala Bagh and decided to free the country. Through this incident, Punjab was fully involved in the Indian Independence Movement and due to the reaction of this massacre, Gandhi started the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920. At the time of Jallianwala Bagh massacre Udham Singh was in Jallianwala garden. Udham Singh was also shot. They took a bomb in London's Caxton Hall on 13 March 1940 to take revenge. At the time of this incident British Lieutenant Governor Michael O Dyer was shot dead. Udham Singh was hanged on July 31, 1940. Gandhi ji and Jawaharlal Nehru condemned this assassination by Udham Singh. Bhagat Singh's 12-year-old Jallianwala Bagh massacre had a profound effect on the child's heart and as soon as his information was received, Bhagat Singh was 12 miles from his school.
Against: movement movement movement movement movement movement
The Khilafat movement (1919-1924) was a political-religious movement mainly run by Muslims in India. The aim of this movement was to put pressure on the British to re-establish the post of Khalifa in Turkey.introduction
In the year 1908 AD, the Turkish policy of eradication of Khalifat (the term of Khalifa) was eliminated by the young Turkish party in the power of the powerless Khalifa in Turkey. Its Indian Muslim had a negligible effect on the public. But, in 1912 Turkey-Italian and Balkan wars, in the opposition of Turkey, Britain's contribution got stirred against Indian Muslims by treating Islam as an attack on Islamic culture and all Islamism. This protest was transformed into a rage against British rule in India. Abul Kalam Azad, Zafar Ali Khan and Mohammad Ali gave this stimulus a bigger picture by their newspapers Al-Hilal, Zamindar and Comrade and Hamdard.
Britain's invasion of Turkey in the First World War ignited dissatisfaction. The suppression of the government has provoked it even more. Coordination of national sentiment and Muslim religious dissatisfaction started. After the end of World War, India got Rolat Bill, Daman Chakra, and the Jalianwala Bagh massacre in exchange for political entities, who worked as a ghee in the national sentiment. Akhil Bharatiya Khilafat Committee organized the Khilafat movement with the support of Jamiyatullah-Ulema and Mohammed Ali broadcast the Khilafat Manifesto in 1920. Gandhi ji took the leadership of the national movement. With the influence of Gandhiji, the Khilafat movement and non-cooperation movement became unified. By May 1920, the Khilafat Committee supported Mahatma Gandhi's Non-Violent Non-Cooperation Scheme. In September, the special session of the Congress declared two goals of Non-Cooperation Movement - the acceptance of demands of self-rule and caliphate. When in November, In 1922, Mustafa Kamalpasha, in Turkey, postponed Sultan Khalifa Mohammad IV and posted Abdul Majid and hijacked all his political rights, then the Khilafat Committee sent a delegation to Turkey for protest in 1924. Nationalist Mustafa Kamal neglected it altogether and on March 3, 1924, he ended the Khalifi term and ended the Khilafat. Thus, the Khilafat movement of India also ended itself. The Khilafat movement (1919-1924) was an all-Islamic political opposition to the British Government in British India to begin by influencing British and during the post-war ceasefire, during the reign of Khalifa to protect the Ottoman Empire The campaign was in October 1918 with the military occupation of Istanbul and Treaty of Versailles (1919) The Khilafat movement of India also ended itself. The Khilafat movement (1919-1924) was an all-Islamic political opposition to the British Government in British India to begin by influencing British and during the post-war ceasefire, during the reign of Khalifa to protect the Ottoman Empire The campaign was in October 1918 with the military occupation of Istanbul and Treaty of Versailles (1919)
reason
Why Gandhi started the Khilafat movement in 1920-21; There are two approaches to this:
One class said that Gandhi's above strategy was an example of a practical opportunist coalition. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi had said, "If any external force invades Islam to protect the prestige and justice, then he will not even get real help. If you give him his full sympathy with him "(Gandhi's entire fame - 17.527- 528) They had understood that now governing in India is becoming economically expensive for the British. Now they do not need much of our raw material. Now synthetic production has started. The British had taken what they had to take from India. Now they will go. Therefore, if the non-cooperation movement is run peacefully, then the satyagraha movement will run, they will go away soon. This requires Hindu-Muslim unity. On the other hand, the British tried to break this political alliance
There is another approach too. He believes that Gandhi recognized the traditional form of Islam. Bypassing the upper cover of religion, they had seen the natural basis of Hindu-Muslim unity. Having lived with the 12th century, Hindus and Muslims had learned coexistence. Dabang people were in both communities. But even then, the common Hindus used to consider traditional life philosophy, there was also a shared atmosphere among them. There was a conflict between them but there was also civilizational unity. On the other hand, there is a civilizational struggle from the modern west. Gandhi also knew that whoever does not deliberately participate in this satanic civilization, he will be lagged behind in modern terms but will be traditional Criticism
Khalifa is an Islamic system of rule which rules state under Islamic law.
Ottoman Emperor Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909) Western to protect the Ottoman Empire from the attack and boycott, and to house
To spread awareness for a large number of Muslim religious leaders and start working for the development of Muslim partnership on behalf of Khalifa. Muslim religious leader Maulana
The beginning of the Second Constitutional era was compelled to restore constitutional monarchy by the Second Anglo-Ottoman Revolution of Second Abdul Hameed. He his brother
During the Ottoman Empire, with the Central Powers, I had to face a major military defeat during the World War. The treaty of Versailles (1919) is less to its territorial extent and its political influence is reduced but the victorious European powers promise to protect the status of Ottoman Emperor as Khalifa. However,
Within Turkey, a pro-western nationalist movement was staged, the Turkish National Movement. During the Turkish War of Independence (1919-19 24), under the leadership of a Turkish revolutionary Mustafa Kamal Ataturk, the Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
Although the popular screams of political activities and the Khilafat have emerged throughout the Muslim world, the most prominent activities in India took place. A prominent Oxford educated Muslim journalist, Maulana Mohammad Ali Jouhar had spent four years in prison for advocating resistance to the British and support for the caliphate. At the beginning of the Turkish war of independence, Muslim religious leaders feared for the Khilafat, who were reluctant to protect European powers. India's Muslims, being recruited by the British, was curse on the possibility of fighting against fellow Muslims in Turkey. Its founders and followers, Khilafat was not a religious movement but a show movement of solidarity with its fellow Muslims in Turkey.
Mohammed Ali and his brother Maulana Shaukat Ali Sheikh joined Shaukat Ali Siddiqui, Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, Rais ul Muhajireen Barrister Jan Muhammad Zunjo, Hasrat Mohani, Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and other Muslim leaders like Dr. Hakim Ajmal Khan to create All India Khilafat Committee. The organization was based on the premises of Hathe Shaukat Ali, landlord Shaukat Ali Siddiq in Lucknow, India. They aim to make political unity among the Muslims and use their influence to protect the caliphate. In 1920, he published the Khilafat Declaration, which the British called for the protection of the Khilafat and united to the Indian Muslims and published the British accountable grip for this purpose.
In 1920, a coalition was formed between the Khilafat leaders and the Indian National Congress, the largest party in India and the political party of the nationalist movement. Congress leaders work for Mohandas Gandhi and Khilafat leaders and promised to fight together for the cause of Khilafat and Swaraj. A nationwide campaign of mass, peaceful civil disobedience - demanding increasing pressure on the British, Khilafatists became a major part of the non-cooperation movement. During the struggle of Gandhi and Congress in support of Khilafatists, helped ensure Hindu-Muslim unity. Describing his feelings towards Mohammed Ali as Gandhi "loving at first sight" to undo his feelings of solidarity In the form of Dr. Ansari, Maulana Azad and Hakim Ajmal Khan, the leaders of the Khilafat were also personally close to Gandhi.
The non-cooperation campaign was the first successful. Large scale protests, attacks and civil disobedience are spread across India. The mass resistance of Hindus and Muslims has been offered, which was quite peaceful. Gandhi, Ali Bhai and others were imprisoned by the British. Tehreek-e-Khilafat, Punjab Khilafat deputation involved Maulana Manjur Ahmad and Maulana Lutfullah Khan took a major role across India with a special concentration in Punjab under Dankauri RA flag (Sirsa, Lahore, Haryana etc.).
However, the Congress's anti-coalition alliance started withering away soon. The Khilafat Campaign was opposed by other political parties in the form of Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha. Many Hindu religious and political leaders identified the cause of the caliphate as an Islamic fundamentalism based on an all-Islamic agenda. And many Muslim leaders increasingly saw the Indian National Congress as being dominated by Hindu fundamentalists.
In view of these disturbances, Ali Bhai started removing himself from Gandhi and Congress. Ali Bhai criticized the extreme commitment of Gandhiji's non-violence and after breaking his relationship with him, he suspended all non-cooperation movement in 1922 after the killing of 23 policemen in Chauri Chaura. Though British and continuously their activities, organized for talks with the weak Khilafat conflict in the form of Muslims, are working for the Congress, divided between the cause of the Caliphate and the Muslim League.
The final blow came with the conquest of Mustafa Kemal forces, which ousted the Ottoman regime for establishing a pro-Western secular, independent Turkey in Turkey. He ended the role of the Khalifa and did not seek any help from Indians.
The Khilafat leadership is divided on various political lines. With the support of Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari Chaudhary Afzal Haq, leaders like Dr Ansari, Maulana Azad and Hakim Ajmal Khan, who are Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam, have been strong supporters of Gandhi and Congress. Ali Bhai joined the Muslim League. They will have to play a major role in the popular appeal of the League and later in the development of the Pakistan movement. There was, however, what should be done about the caliphate in order to determine the caliphate conference in Jerusalem in 1931 after the abolition of Khilafat Turkey. Aujla was the main contributors to the cause of people from such villages as Khurd. the legacy
Khilafat conflicts also give examples of conflict and strong opinion. By critics, it is considered as a political movement based on an all-Islamic fundamentalist stage and largely indifferent to the cause of India's independence. Critics of the Khilafat see their coalition with Congress as a marriage of convenience. It is a spark of supporters of Khilafat that the non-cooperation movement in India is seen as a major milestone in the reform of Hindu-Muslim relations, while advocating Pakistan and Muslim separatism, it is a major leader in establishing a separate Muslim state See as a step. Ali Bhai is considered as the founding father of Pakistan, while Azad, Dr. Ansari and Hakim Ajmal Khan are widely celebrated as national heroes in India. Jat was the only group that had been with Ali brothers for the full time. Surrender to other tribes in the form of Rajputs. The main tribes of Jat include Metlas and Aujla.
The Khilafat movement was a movement run by Indian Muslims in protest against the removal of the country's Khalifa away from Turkey. In India, Mohammed Ali Johar and Shaukat Ali Johar were leading the two brothers Khilafat. Gandhi announced to cooperate to support Khilafat. It is believed that there was no primary concern with its national movement. Nevertheless, it made significant contributions to polarization of national rebellion against imperialism. Even though Atatürk's termination of the caliph himself by itself, the original character of this movement became irrelevant.
Simon
The Simon Commission was appointed by the British Prime Minister under the leadership of Sir John Simon. There were seven members in this commission, all nominated members of the British Parliament. This was the reason that it was called 'white commission'. Simon Commission's announcement was made on November 8, 1927. The commission had to check whether India has become worthy to give constitutional rights to the people here. No Indian was included in this commission, due to which it had a very strong opposition.The establishment
This arrangement was made in the 'Government of India Act of 1919', that after 10 years, a commission will be appointed, which will review the progress made by this Act. Indians were also bored of duplex rule (in the provinces). They wanted change in it. Thus, the British Prime Minister, in time, established a seven-member commission headed by Sir John Simon, in which all members were members of the British Parliament.
Against
Because all members of 'Simon Commission' were Englishmen, Congressmen called it 'white commission'. The commission was established on November 8, 1927. The task of this commission was to recommend that India has become worthy of this, that the people here should get more constitutional rights and if given then what is the nature of it? No Indian was inducted in this commission, due to which there was strong opposition from this commission in India. Explaining the second reason for opposing 'Simon Commission', Mr. M.N.J., President of the session of Madras Congress of 1927. Ansari said that "The Indian public has the right to convene a Round Table Conference or a conference of all the affiliated groups to decide their constitution." The claim has been rejected by the appointment of the Simon Commission. "
Decision of boycott
The complete boycott of the 'Simon Commission' was decided in the 1927 Madras Session of Congress. The self-esteem of the Indians was also hurt by this commission, which enabled the brave Sapru to be very impressed. On February 3, 1928, when a member of the Commission reached Bombay (presently Mumbai), an unprecedented strike was organized against it. The black flags and 'Simon go back' are sloganed.
Sticks
Due to the protest of the commission, Jawaharlal Nehru, Govind Ballabh Pant etc. used to eat lathis in Lucknow. Lala Lajpat Rai died in 1928 AD due to a severe blow to blackjack in Lahore. This statement of Lala Lajpat Rai proved to be historic before the death that "the sticks which have been struck by me, will be one day the final nail of the British coffin's coffin." Other than the Indian National Congress, other parties also oppose the 'Simon Commission'. Almost all the reputed political parties boycotted the commission except the Justice Party of Madras and the unionist party of Punjab and the Shafi faction of the Muslim League.
Referrals
The Simon Commission published its report on 27 May 1930, whose recommendations are as follows:
After the dissolution of dual government system implemented under the 'Government of India Act' of 1919 AD, the place of responsible governance
India must federal constitution
The federal constitution must for Indians at the center
No liability provided in the center
The High Court should made under the control of the Government of India
Burma (present day Myanmar) should be separated from India and Orissa and Sindh should given separate state status
The number of members in the provincial legislatures increased
Take special care for the interests of Governor and Governor-General Minority Castes
After every 10 years, the system of appointment of a Constitution Commission for revision should be abolished and a flexible constitution should be made for India which is developed itself
Criticism
With the appointment of the 'Simon Commission', there was a collaboration among the Indian parties to overcome the situation of mutual differences and dissent and to encourage the national movement. Though this commission was strongly criticized in India, many of his things were accepted in the 'Government of India Act of 1935'. Sir Shivswamy Iyer described the recommendations of the commission as "fit to be foiled in a trash bin
Lala Lajpat Rai
Lala Lajpat Rai (born January 28, 1865 AD; death - November 17, 1928 AD) is counted among the great revolutionaries of India. Lala Lajpat Rai, who does not care for his life while facing lifelong British power, is also called 'Punjab Kesari'. These were the prominent leaders of the Indian National Congress's 'Garam Dal' and the representatives of entire Punjab. Lalaji also received the title of 'Lion of Punjab'. He obtained legal education and started advocacy in Hisar. Lala ji became a strong supporter of the Arya Samaj due to the contact with Swami Dayanand in the long run. From here on, the feeling of fierce nationalism has awakened in them. Lala ji had the same place in Punjab, which was given to Lokmanya Tilak in MaharashtraLife
Lala Lajpat Rai was born in Moga district of Punjab. On January 28, 1865, Munshi's wife gave birth to a child. The boy spreading happiness from the junkies around him. The news of the birth of the child spread throughout the village. The people of the village were not happy to see the face of the child. Parents lovingly groomed their child with love. He used to call his child Lajpat Rai with love. Lajpat Rai's father was Vaish, but his soil was from the Sikh family. The religious views of both were different. She was an ordinary woman. She used to serve her husband like a Hindu woman
After completing his schooling, he took admission in the 'Government College' of Lahore in 1880 to obtain a degree in law. During this time he joined the Arya Samaj movement. After completing legal education, Lalaji started practicing in Jagaran. After this he advocated in Rohtak and Hisar cities of Haryana.
Indigenous movement
They campaigned for adoption of indigenous items across the country. When the British split Bengal in 1905, Lalaji joined hands with agitators such as Surendranath Banerjee and Vipinchandra Pal and strongly opposed this decision of the British. On May 3, 1907, the British government arrested him in Rawalpindi. Even after being released, Lalaji continued to struggle for independence.
President of 'All India Trade Union Congress'
After the end of World War II, there was a lot of increase in political movements, which resulted in the movement of workers. The 'Communist Revolution' of Russia in 1918 encouraged Indian trade unions. At the international level, the International Labor Union (ILO) was established. Vp Wadia established the modern labor union 'Madras Labor Union' in India. Under his efforts, the 'Labor Union Act' was passed in 1926 AD. In the 'All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) established in 1920 AD, about 64 workers union joined. N. With the efforts of M. Joshi, Lala Lajpat Rai and Joseph Baptista, the impact of the Left on the 'All India Trade Union Congress' founded in 1920 was increasing. Lala Lajpat Rai was the first president of 'Aitak' (AITUC). This conference was held in 1920 AD. Was in Bombay It was Vice President Joseph Baptista and Mahan Diwan Chaman Lal.
As a writer
Lala Lajpat Rai struggled for national interest till her life. He was not only a high-ranking political leader, but an author and influential speaker. Lalla Lajpat Rai had no relation or contact with anyone in Mandalay jail, thousands of miles away in 'Bay of Bengal'. He used his time in writing. Lalaji also wrote short biographies of Lord Sri Krishna, Ashok, Shivaji, Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Guru Dutt, Matsini and Garibaldi. 'National Education', 'Unhappy India' and 'The Story of My Depotation' are his other important works. They established 'Swaraj' in the country through their 'Punjabi', 'Vande Mataram' (Urdu) and 'The People' by establishing these three newspapers. Lala Lajpat Rai had written in the Urdu daily Vande Mataram- "My religion is right, My friend is my colleague, my idol is in slumber, my court is my consort, my property is my pen, my temple is my heart and my feelings are always young. ' When he returned from jail, the problems of the crisis were in front. World War broke out in 1914 and the foreign government had started recruiting Indian soldiers.
Hero
Lalaji reached America and established an organization called the Indian Home Rule League of America in October 1917 in New York City. By the time when he returned to India on February 20, 1920, he had become a hero for the countrymen.
In non-cooperation movement
Lalaji participated in a special session of Congress in Calcutta in 1920. He jumped into the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Gandhiji against the British, which was theoretically opposed to the Role Act. In 1920, he led the non-cooperation movement in Punjab, which led to you being jailed in 1921. After this Lala ji founded the 'Lok Sevak Sangh'. Under the leadership of Lala Lajpat Rai, this movement spread like a fire in the forest in Punjab and soon they were called by the names of 'Lion of Punjab or Punjab Kesari'
Simon
He also led the movement against 'Simon Commission' in Lahore on October 30, 1928, and was wounded by the sticks of British oppression. The same year he died due to the same trauma. Lalaji gave his supreme sacrifice at the time of Simon Commission. Lala ji had breathed his last on 17th November 1928 ie 17 days after this incident ...
On 3 February 1928, the commission reached India, against which the whole country was set on fire. A major incident took place in Lahore on October 30, 1928 when the youth protesting against Simon under the leadership of Lala Lajpat Rai was brutally beaten. The police threw ropes with ruthlessness on Lala Lajpatrai's chest. They were badly injured, in their final speech at this time, they said,
One blow to my body will the nail of the British Empire
And this hurt made Udhamsingh and Bhagat Singh many, whose efforts gave us freedom
death
On November 17, 1928, he was killed due to these injuries.
The country's devotees
The country was excited by the death of Lala Ji and Chandrashekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev and other revolutionaries decided to take revenge for Lalaji's death. These passionate patriots completed their pledge just one month after Lalaji's death and on December 17, 1928, the British police officer Shanders shot them. Rajguru, Sukhdev and Bhagat Singh were sentenced to death in the case of the murder of Sandsers instead of Lalaji's death.
Dandi
Dandi March means that on foot travel, which was started by Gandhiji and his own volunteers on March 12, 1930. Its main purpose was to break the 'salt law' created by the British. Gandhiji had 358 km from Sabarmati Ashram with 78 volunteers, including Web Miller. Departed for a dandy located away. Nearly 24 days later, on 6th April, 1930, when he reached Dandi, he salt law on the beachReason for breaking the law
Salt law has broken into many other parts of India. C. Rajagopalachari traveled from Trichanchali to Vedranayam. People from Assam traveled from Sylhet to Noakhali. The leaders of 'Vaikom Satyagraha' Kellappan and T.K. Traveling from Calicut to Payyanur with Madhavan. All these people broke salt law. Salt law was being broken, because the government was increased by salt, which increased the cost of salt for everyday needs.
Contribution of Abdul Gaffar Khan
In the North West Frontier Province, members of the Khuddai Khidmatgar organization, under the leadership of Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, also called 'Seamant Gandhi', opposed the government. He raised voice against the regional nationalism of the Pathans and making the artisans of subdivisionism and haltsmiths poor. The Ghafar title of 'Lal Khurti Dal' was given the title of "Fakhr-e-Afgan". He published a magazine named 'Pakhtun' in the language of Pashchun, which was later published as 'Desharoja'. Gaffar Khan is also called 'King of Kings'. The soldiers of the Garhwal rifle in Peshawar protested against the order to shoot a crowd of protesters who were conducting civil disobedience at the request of his fellow Chandrishin Garhwali. With the dissolution of salt law, civil disobedience movement in all India has taken a firm
Movement of
At the time of 'Civil Disobedience Movement' of 1930 AD, the tribal people of the North West Frontier Province called Gandhiji 'Malang Baba' Movement spread widely throughout India. Women came out of the curtain and actively participated in Satyagraha. Holi has been lit in many places of foreign clothes. The women's class staged liquor shops and the farmers refused to pay taxes. The main feature of the 'Civil Disobedience Movement' was the first major involvement of women in the movement for the first time. Prior to this, very few women participated in public-type political demonstrations. Most of them were either from the families of national leaders like Chittaranjan Das or Motilal Nehru or were college students
Government
The British rule overwhelmed with the non-cooperation policy of the four sides. Gandhi was arrested on May 5, 1930 AD. Realizing the fury of the movement, the then Viceroy Lord Irwin to settle with Gandhiji
Gandhi-Irwin
The Gandhi-Irwin Agreement was held on March 5, 1931. The agreement between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin is also known as 'Delhi Pact'. Gandhiji gave this importance to the deal, while Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose strongly criticized this. Congressmen were completely dissatisfied with this agreement, because Gandhiji did not escape the trap of hanging of young revolutionaries Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev of India.Irwin's attempt
Lord Irwin decided to organize 'First Round Table Conference' in England in association with the Secretary of India on September 12, 1930. Congress decided to keep itself separate from this conference. Irwin tried to release Gandhiji from jail on January 26, 1931 and tried to create an atmosphere of peace and harmony in the country. With the efforts of Tez Bahadur Supru and Jaykar, talks between Gandhiji and Irwin started in Delhi from 17 February onwards. On March 5, 1931, an agreement was finally signed. This agreement was called "Gandhi-Irwin Pact".
Of agreementThe terms of this agreement were as follows:
The confiscated property of Congress and its workers should returnedThe government should withdraw the cases of all ordinances and incomplete committees
Execution of all political prisoners in addition to the accused involved in acts of violence
Apollo, liquor and foreign clothing shops should allowed to hold peacefully
The people who live on the banks of the sea are allowed to make salt and collect
Mahatma Gandhi accepted the following terms from Congress:
'Civil Disobedience Movement' adjourned
Congress representatives participate in 'Second Round Table Conference'
The demand for fair judicial inquiry against the excesses of the police will withdrawn
The demand for demand and exclusion of salt eradication will withdrawn
of Gandhi ji
Gandhiji gave importance to this agreement, but Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose softly criticized saying that Gandhiji made the agreement without keeping the goal of complete independence in mind. K.M. Munshi said this agreement as an era of promoter event in the constitutional history of India. Young Congressmen were dissatisfied with this agreement because Gandhiji could not save the three revolutionaries Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev from hanging trap. The three were hanged on March 23, 1931.
Gandhiji had to be a victim of strong criticism of Left youth in Congress. The Congress accepted this agreement with great difficulty. In the Congress's 'Karachi Session', the youth showed Gandhiji a 'black flag'. The convention was chaired by Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel. In addition to accepting the 'Gandhi-Irwin Agreement', the proposal titled 'Fundamental Rights and Duties' was accepted in the same session. At this time Gandhiji had said that "Gandhi can die, but not Gandhism."
Government of India Act-1935
Before the passage of the Government of India Act 1935, it was taken from the 'Simon Commission Report', 'Report of the Nehru Committee', and some consultations in the three Round Table Conferences held in Britain. After the completion of the third round table conference, some proposals were published by the name 'White Paper', on which both the UK House of Houses and some Indian representatives presented the report. Finally, the act of 1935 AD was passed on the basis of this report. The Act of 1935 was quite long and complex. It was partially implemented on July 3, 1936, but after the elections in full, it came into effect in April, 1937.Characteristics of the Act
This Act consisted of 321 streams and 10 lists, the main features of the Act were as follows-There was arrangement of duplex rule at the center. Federal subjects were divided into two parts preserved and handed over. The governor-general used to administer the protected subject with the help of some councilors, who were not liable to federal administrators. Publications were handed over to Governor-General and Ministers. The ministers were elected from the members of the Legislative Assembly and were liable to it.
This Act provided for an 'All India Union'. This union was to be formed by the British Provinces of British India, the Chief Commissioner, the provinces and the princely states, but this system could not be enforced, because in the proposed union it was compulsory to include Indian provinces, but the incorporation of Indian principals was optional.
Provision of territorial autonomy was made in the provinces by desegregation rule.
Provincial legislatures were expanded, in the provinces, two Houses were arranged in 6 out of 11 legislative assemblies. The number of members of Central Legislature was increased.
The franchise was expanded in the provinces. The communal electoral expansion was further extended to the Harijans.
The Federal Court was not the final court to settle disputes. The final court was 'Privy Council'.
Burma (present day Myanmar) was separated from India.
There were significant changes in the Home Government, on which the governor worked in collaboration with his ministers, he abolished the authority of the Bharatiya minister, and the Indian Council was abolished.
Under the Act, a federal court and 'Reserve Bank of India' was established.
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru called it the 'many breaks but not machine free'. Madan Mohan Malaviya called it 'outwardly democratic and hollow from inside'. Chakravarti Rajagopalachari called it 'a bad and absolutely disapproved' from the duplex system. Nehru ji called it a new charter of slavery.
Defect
The major drawbacks of 'Government of India Act-1935' were as follows-
The Act further increased the powers of the Governor-General and the Governor. The federal government was faulty because it had given more space to the Indian kings and the federal court was not considered the final court. The communal electoral system was further enhanced. Duphad rule was removed from the provinces and it was established at the center. In order to say this in the act, the 'provincial autonomy' was talked about, but in reality, now all the powers were with the governor.
Rabindranath death of Tagore
Rabindranath Thakur, the famous author of the national anthem of India, died on August 7, 1941 in Calcutta.The escape of Subhash Chandra Bose from India
Subhash made a plan to get out of the prison. On January 16, 1941, he came out of his house in the vicinity of a Pathan Mohammed Ziauddin while dodging police. Shishababu's eldest son, Shishir, carried them with his car to Gomoh, away from Kolkata. By catching Frontier Mail from Gomoh railway station, they reached Peshawar. In Peshawar he got a co-worker of Forward Block, Mian Akbar Shah. Mian Akbar Shah met her, with Kirti Kisan Party's Bhagat Ram Talwar. Subhash Peshawar, along with Bhagat Ram Talwar, turned to Kabul, Afghanistan's capital. On this journey, Pathankar and Subhash, named Bhagatram Talwar Rahmat Khan, became his gung-deaf uncle. While walking in the hills, he completed this journey.
In Kabul, Subhash stayed in the house of an Indian businessman, Uttamchand Malhotra for two months. There he first entered the Russian Embassy. If they failed, they tried to enter the German and Italian embassies. Their efforts were successful in the Italian Embassy. German and Italian Embassies assisted them. Finally, after becoming an Italian person named Arlando Majonta, Subhash came out of Kabul and reached the German capital Berlin, while Russia's capital was Moscow.
Leave India movement
The Quit India Movement began on 9th August, 1942, on the call of the Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi, in entire India. The two stages in India's independence-related history are most noticeable - the first 'freedom struggle of 1857' and the second 'Quit India Movement of 1942'. Against British rule, Mahatma Gandhi was a big 'civil disobedience movement' to liberate India soon. After the failure of 'Cripps Mission', Gandhi decided to start another big movement. This movement was given the name of 'Quit India Movement'.Great fight for independence
The last great fight of 'Quit India Movement' or 'August Kranti Bhartiya Freedom Movement', which shook the foundation of British rule. Indians returning from India's empty hand of Cripps Mission realized their deception. On the other hand, due to World War II conditions were becoming very serious. Japan successfully started moving towards Singapore, Malaya and Burma, towards India, on the other hand, due to war, prices of all commodities were rising, which led to dissatisfaction with the British power. Seeing the growing dominion of Japan, on July 5, 1942, Gandhi wrote in Harijan, "Angus! Do not leave India to Japan, but leave the country systematically for Indians".
Cripps Mission's Arrival
At this time World War II had sparked, and British forces were losing in South-East Asia. At one time it was also believed that Japan would attack India. Friends were continually putting pressure on the United States, Russia, Russia and China to take the initiative to get the support of Indians in the hour of crisis. In order to fulfill this objective, he sent Staphord Cripps to India in March, 1942. The UK government did not want to give full independence to India. He wanted to keep the security of India in his own hands and at the same time, the Governor-General's veto rights were in favor of keeping the same as before. Indian representatives dismissed all the proposals of the Cripps Mission altogether.
Following the failure of the Cripps Mission, the meeting of 'Indian National Congress Committee' was held in Bombay on August 8, 1942. It was decided in this that the British would have to leave India in any case. India will protect itself and will be against imperialism and fascism. If the British leave India, then a temporary government will be formed. The 'Civil Disobedience Movement' will be teased against British rule and its leader will be Gandhiji.
Mantram 'do or die'
In this historic conference of Congress, Mahatma Gandhi gave a speech about 70 minutes. In his address, he said, "I give you a mantra, do it or die, which means that the people of India should try every way for the freedom of the country." About Gandhiji, Bhograju Pattabhi Sitaramaiya has written that " Gandhiji was giving speeches on that day inspired by the inspirational power of Avatar and Prophet. "Those people who do not know how to sacrifice, can not get freedom." The original movement of the Quit India Movement was inspired by this feeling, Gandhi was non-violent, but for the liberation of the country, he gave the original mantra of 'do or die'. The suppressive, financially robbery, expansionist and racist of the English rulers Against the policies, he carried out the 'Quit India Movement' to sort people. Gandhiji had said that-
"A country can not be free until people living in it trust in each other."
These words of Gandhi ji had a magic effect on the people of India and they jumped into freedom struggle with new zeal, new courage, new resolutions, new faith, determination and confidence. The sound of 'do or die' in the corners of the country rose to resonance, and around this, this slogan began to be called Shraman.
Arrest of politicians
On 9th August, all important Congress leaders were arrested under 'Operation Zero Hour'. Gandhiji was kept in 'Aga Khaan Mahal' in Poona and other members of the Congress Working Committee in the fort of Ahmednagar. By declaring Congress an illegal organization, the British government seized the property of this institution and banned the procession simultaneously. The public anger caused this public reaction. The people took their procession and took out the procession and held meetings. This was the first movement during the independence movement, which reached the height even after leadership disintegration. When the government resorted to blackjack and bandh to suppress the movement, the movement's attitude changed and became raucous. Rail tracks of many places were uprooted and the stations were set on fire. Bombay, Workers in Ahmedabad and Jamshedpur jointly organized a massive strike. In the United Provinces Balia and Settlements, Satara in Bombay, Midnapore in Bengal and some parts of Bihar, temporary governments were established during 'Quit India Movement'. In these self-proportional parallel governments, the government was for the longest time in Satara. The rebellion here was led by Nana Patil. The most important leader of Satara, Y.B. There were fans. The first parallel government was formed under the leadership of Chitu Pandey in Ballia. There were fans. The first parallel government was formed under the leadership of Chitu Pandey in Ballia. There were fans. The first parallel government was formed under the leadership of Chitu Pandey in Ballia.
In the Midnapore district of Bengal, the national government in Tamluk or Tamralipti continued till 1944 AD. The government here is known as the ethnic government. This ethnic government, formed under the leadership of Satish Sawant, gave subsidies to the schools and made an Armed Electrical Corps Military Organization. The areas most affected by this movement were Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madras and Bombay. Leaders like Jaiprakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia and Aruna Asif Ali led the movement by staying underground. In Bombay, Usha Mehta and some of her companions broadcast the Congress Radio for several months. Ram Manohar Lohia used to speak regularly on the radio. In November 1942, the police searched and seized it.
The impact of Gandhi ji
The 'Quit India Movement' was originally a mass movement, in which every caste member of India was involved. This movement attracted youth to a large number of them. The youth left their colleges and started adopting the path of jail. While the Congress leaders were in jail, at the same time, Mohammed Ali Jinnah and his companions of the Muslim League began to spread their influence area. In the same year, the Muslim League got the chance to make their identities in Punjab and Sindh where they had no special identity. In June 1944, when the World War was towards the end, Gandhiji was released from prison. After leaving the jail, he met Jinnah several times to bridge the gap between the Congress and the Muslim League and tried to convince them. At the same time in the UK in 1945, the 'Labor Party' Became the government. This government was completely in favor of Indian independence. At the same time Viceroy Lord Wavell organized several meetings between the representatives of the Congress and the Muslim League.
Criticism of the movement
In the then Indian political parties 'Communist Party' criticized the movement. The Muslim League also criticized the 'Leave Movement Movement in India' and said that "the movement is not for Indian independence, but to establish Hindu kingdom in India, due to which the movement is fatal to the Muslims". The Muslim League and the liberals also did not participate in this movement. Sir Tez Bahadur Sapru called this proposal "unthinkable and untimely". Bhimrao Ambedkar described this as "uncompromising full and insane work". The Hindu Mahasabha and the Akali Movement also criticized it. This movement organization and lack of organizing, the integrity of the high officials working in government service and the lack of resources and power to the agitators could not be fully successful.
Failure of Cabinet Mission
Gandhiji had outlined the 'Quit India Movement' in a very organized manner. They said, "We will either liberate India or will be eliminated in this endeavor." In India, in the beginning of 1946, the elections to the provincial legislatures were renewed. Congress got huge success in these elections. The Muslim League got a huge majority on seats reserved for Muslims. At the same time, in the summer of 1946, the Cabinet Mission reached India. Mission tried to persuade the Congress and the Muslim League to adopt a federal system in which limited autonomy was given to different provinces within India. But this attempt of the cabinet mission proved unsuccessful. Due to the failure of this mission, Jinnah declared a direct action day in support of the League demand for the establishment of Pakistan. The day of August 16, 1946 was fixed for it, But the struggle started in Calcutta the same day. This violence spread from Calcutta and spread to Bengal, Bihar and Punjab. In many places Hindus, Muslims were targeted at many places.
Effect of movement
The 'Quit India Movement' has not been able to give India independence, but its far-reaching consequences are pleasant. That is why it was called "the last great effort to be made for the independence of India". After the revolt of August, 1942 AD, the question was to decide what is the nature of the government after independence? Given the vastness of the Movement of 1942, the British had been convinced that they had lost the legal right of governance. This movement has created many countries of the world with Indian citizenship. The then Martial Chiang Kai-Shek of China wrote to the President of Roosevelt United States of America on July 25, 1942, "The best policy for the British is to give India complete freedom." Roosevelt also supported it. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel wrote about the movement: "Such a rebellion has never happened in the history of British rule in India,
The government imposed a complete defect on the rebellions during the 'Quit India Movement' on February 13, 1943, to Mahatma Gandhi and Congress. Gandhiji, rejecting these baseless flaws, said, "My statement was in the bounds of non-violence." He said that "Every non-violent soldier of freedom struggle should stick to a piece of paper or a piece of cloth, write a slogan 'Do or die', so that if he dies while doing satyagraha, Which can not be believed in non-violence. " Gandhiji demanded fair inquiry from the government to prove the allegations leveled against him. On February 10, 1943, when the government refused to pay attention to it. They started fasting for 21 days. On the thirteenth day of fasting, Gandhiji's condition became absolutely fragile. The Government of British India did not want to free them and waited for his death. Some historians believe that sandalwood was arranged for their funeral in 'Aga Khan Palace'. In protest of this barbaric policy of the government, Vice President of Viceroy council Sir Siri, Sir A.N. The government and the AAP resigned.
Mountbatten's announcement
Lord Mountbatten was appointed Viceroy of India in February, 1947, in place of Lord Wavell. Mountbatten prepared the atmosphere of the last round of talks between Hindus and Muslims. When his attempt for reconciliation also failed, he announced that British India would be given independence, but it would also be divided. August 15 was fixed for power transfers. On that day people celebrated happiness in different parts of India. In Delhi, when the President of the Constituent Assembly started the meeting of the Constituent Assembly giving Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi the title of the Father of the Nation, then the melodious sound continued for long. The crowd gathered outside were shouting the praise of Gandhiji.
Gain of independence
Mahatma Gandhi was not included in the festivities celebrated on August 15, 1947 in the country's capital Delhi. He was currently in Calcutta He did not participate in any program there as he had fought for the freedom that he had been fighting for so many days, he was received at a very big cost. The partition of the nation was not less than a nightmare for them. Hindus and Muslims were bent on cutting each other's neck. Gandhiji told Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims that instead of paying attention to the past, instead of paying attention to their sufferings, adopt the example of mutual brotherhood with each other.
Formation of the Azad Hind Fauj
Subhash Chandra Bose started studying English at the age of five. Puberty pulled them into the national service. Due to differences with Gandhi, he separated from the Congress and escaped from the British Prison and reached Japan. Bose started the formation of a trained army of about 40,000 Indian men and women gathered by Japan from Southeast Asia with the help and assistance of the Japanese.Famous by the name of Netaji, Subhash Chandra founded 'Azad Hind Government' and formed 'Azad Hind Fauj' on October 21, 1943 with the aim of liberating India by a strong revolution. The tiger's picture was roaming on a flag on the logo of this organization.
Increase the steps and sing songs of joy - this was the song of this organization, which humming the organization's army fervently with passion and enthusiasm.
And along with the Japanese soldiers, their so-called independent Hind Fauj, rising from the Rangoon (now Yangon) to the Indian way, reached the Indian plain areas of Kohima and Imphal on March 18, 1944 AD. Due to lack of assistance from the Japanese Air Force, a mixed army of Indians and Japanese lost in a fierce battle and it had to retreat. But the Azad Hind Fauj movement was successful in maintaining its identity in Burma (present day Myanmar) and subsequently the Muktivahini army with bases in Hind-China. This army had fought with powerful British from 1943 to 1945 and forced them to think about giving independence to India. From 1943 to 1945, 'Azad Hind army' continued to fight against the British. Eventually, they felt that the British would have to give independence to India.
Famine in Bengal
In 1943 AD, the British government's 'all-in-all' policy, due to the neutral accumulation of merchants and administrative corruption, caused a famine in Bengal, in which 15 lakh people died.
The famine report was presented in 1880 by the famine commission appointed under the leadership of Sir Richard Strachey.
Shimla Agreement
After the Indo-Pak war on July 3, 1972, a treaty was signed in Shimla, which is called the Shimla Agreement. This included Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto from India on behalf of Indira Gandhi and Pakistan. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto took over as President of Pakistan on December 20, 1971. They got a broken Pakistan in heritage. On assuming power, Bhutto promised that she would soon be able to join Bangladesh again in Pakistan. Many officers of the Pakistan Army were dismissed, liable for the defeat of the country, were dismissed. After the political-level talks that lasted for several months, India-Pakistan Summit was held in Shimla in late June 1972. Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Bhutto, with their high-level ministers and officials, discussed all those topics, Which were born from the 1971 war He also talked about other questions of both the countries. These were the main subjects, the exchange of war prisoners, the question of recognition of Bangladesh by Pakistan, normalization of diplomatic relations between India and Pakistan, restarting trade and setting up a Line of Control in Kashmir. After a long interaction, Bhutto agreed that the Indo-Pak relations would be decided only by bilateral talks. At the end of the Shimla Agreement, an agreement was signed by Indira Gandhi and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. To resume trade and establish a Line of Control in Kashmir. After a long interaction, Bhutto agreed that the Indo-Pak relations would be decided only by bilateral talks. At the end of the Shimla Agreement, an agreement was signed by Indira Gandhi and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. To resume trade and establish a Line of Control in Kashmir. After a long interaction, Bhutto agreed that the Indo-Pak relations would be decided only by bilateral talks. At the end of the Shimla Agreement, an agreement was signed by Indira Gandhi and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.
Main points of agreement
It provided that both the countries would endeavor to end their struggle and dispute, and it was promised that the work will be done for permanent friendship in the sub-continent.
Talk straight
For these purposes, Indira Gandhi and Bhutto decided that both the countries will conduct a direct dialogue for peaceful settlement of all disputes and problems and will not make any changes by taking unilateral action in the situation. They will neither use force against each other, nor will they hesitate in territorial integrity and will not interfere in each other's political freedom. Both governments will prevent the propaganda against each other and encourage the news, which will lead to the development of friendship. All communication relations will be re-established to normalize relations between the two countries.
Community Facilities
Traffic facilities will be set up so that the people of both countries can come and come closer and establish close relations.
Will increase business
As far as possible, business and economic cooperation will be re-established soon.
Will cooperate
In the field of science and culture, mutual exchange will be encouraged.
Line of control
In the interest of lasting peace, the two governments agreed that the forces of both India and Pakistan would go back to their respective territories. The two countries recognized the war break line of September 17, 1971 as the Line of Control, and it was decided that within twenty days of this agreement, the armies will go back to their respective limits. It was decided that both the heads of the governments will continue to meet in the future and in the meanwhile, the officials of both the countries will continue to talk to normalize relations.
Cabinet mission
The British Cabinet Mission came to India in 1946. The purpose of this mission was to discuss the plan to handover power to the Indian leadership. This mission gave India the status of an independent nation as a member of Commonwealth countries. This mission was formed on the initiative of then British Prime Minister Clement Attlee. The members of this mission were Lord Patrick-Lawrence, Sir Stafford Creeps, AV Alexander.Purpose and proposition
Objectives of the mission To discuss the consensus on the methods of constitutional constitution, to negotiate with the elected representatives of British India and the Indian states Forming the Constituent Assembly meeting With the help of the main parties of the country, the Mission formed the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim The representatives of the League interacted Mission planned a power partnership between Hindu-Muslim to prevent communal riots. On the other hand, the Congress Party wanted to persuade Muslim leaders and Muslim people to interact with them and persuade them to make the decision when the British left. Jinnah, the leader of the All India Muslim League, wanted to stay with India, but he also wanted a guarantee of special political protection for the Muslims in the constitution. The Muslim League argued that after the British left, India would be converted to Hindu Nation. The British supported this argument of the Muslim League. After the initial conversation, the Mission proposed the formation of a new government on May 16, 1946. It came to India on March 24, 1946.
India's division
The partition of the Indian subcontinent and the formation of two new states or nations was partitioned on 14 August 1947 in Pakistan (Muslim Nation) and on 15 August 1947, India (Republic of India) was divided into two states / states. The announcement was made by Lord Mount Ballon. In this division neither of the Indian subcontinent was divided into two pieces, but Bengal was also divided and the eastern part of Bengal was separated from India and became East Pakistan (present Bangladesh). On the other hand, Punjab was partitioned and divided into the division, the division of railway, army, historical heritage, central revenue, all were equally divided. The organization which mainly participated in this division of the Indian continent was the name of the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress and the main people who participated were Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Lord Mount Beton, Kreml Radcliffe, Jawaharlal Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi and some main activists of both organizations The most noble of all of these were the Kreml Radcliffe, whom the British government had entrusted to the partition of India, Pakistan.Demand of the Muslim nation
The main reason for this division was that the Hindu majority was that after the independence, majority of the people would form the government, then Mohammad Ali Jinnah came to the idea that majority of the people living in the state should be treated with minority or they should be ignored If he could, he started demanding a separate Muslim nation. The demand for partition of India has increased year after year. The demand for partition of separate Muslim nation from India was first raised in 1920 and it was received in 1947. On 15th August 1947, India was declared a Hindu Sikh majority and Muslim minority nation. From 1920 to 1932, the foundation of partition of India was laid. For the first time, the Muslim nation was demanded by Alaa Iqbal in the presidential address of the Muslim League in 1930. In 1930, Mohammed Ali Jinnah took all the unanimous India's minority community into confidence and said that India's mainstream party Congress Muslim Ignoring the interests. After that, the talk of division in 1932 to 1942 was far ahead, although the Hindu Mahasabha, the Hindu Hindu League, did not want to divide the country, but it wanted to keep the difference between Hindu and Muslim. In the 19th Century of Hindu Mahasabha in 19th, Veer Savarkar said in his presidential address that India can be a homogeneous and united nation, but two separate Hindu and Muslim nations In spite of all these efforts, in 1940, Mohammed Ali Jinnah made clear to the Lahore session of the Muslim League that he wanted a Muslim nation and on this issue the League said without hesitation that Hindus and Muslims are two separate religions, different rituals -Rewards is a different culture, and in such a way, to keep two separate nations united, especially when a religion is a minority and second religion is majority,
Congress cabinet boycott
In 1946, after the Muslim League convened the 'Direct Action Day', all politicians and leaders of both the communities were scared. Due to this incident, anger in North India and especially Bengal increased and political parties were increasingly at risk of partitioning the two nations. The 'Direct Action Day' of 16 August 1946 is also known as "Great Kolkata Riot". On August 16, 1946, the Muslim League convened a general strike in which the main issue was 'boycott of Congress cabinet' and further strengthening the demand for its separate nation. 'Direct Action Day' During the strike, a riot broke out in Calcutta, where Muslim League supporters targeted Hindus and Sikhs, in protest of which Congress supporters also attacked Muslim League activists. After that this violence spread from Bengal to Nikhla Bihar. Within 4 hours of Calcutta alone, 4000 people were killed and around 1, 00, 000 people became homeless. After all, many Congress leaders were in opposition to partition of India in the name of religion. Mahatma Gandhi opposed the partition said, I believe that people of both religions (Hindus and Muslims) can live together by creating peace and harmony. My soul rejects that Hinduism and Islam religion represent both different cultures and principles. My God does not allow me to adopt such principles, but the British have so far succeeded in their objective. 000 people became homeless. After all, many Congress leaders were in opposition to partition of India in the name of religion. Mahatma Gandhi opposed the partition said, I believe that people of both religions (Hindus and Muslims) can live together by creating peace and harmony. My soul rejects that Hinduism and Islam religion represent both different cultures and principles. My God does not allow me to adopt such principles, but the British have so far succeeded in their objective.
Indian Independence Act
After the 'Direct Action Day' accident, everyone felt that now the unbroken India should be divided. Two new states / nations were divided according to the Mountbatten Plan. The "Indian Independence Act" was passed by the British Parliament on July 18, 1947, in which the partition was formulated and in the end of 1947 this Act was passed the British Parliament officially and India and Pakistan were declared an independent nation. .
Assassination of Gandhi ji
The problems faced by independent India were not easy. He had to first calm communal mania. India deliberately preferred to be a secular state. He assured that those Muslims who preferred to stay in India instead of issuing to Pakistan would be given full rights of citizenship. Although Pakistan was intentionally going out of the country to eliminate the Hindus or the Hindus who decided to stay there in a way, they were pursuing a second class citizenry. Lord Mountbatten was made the first Governor General of Independent India and Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and his Congress colleagues in the interim government created the first Indian cabinet with little manipulation. In this Cabinet, Sardar Patel and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad were included, But Netaji's elder brother Sharat Chandra Bose was released. On January 30, 1948, a Hindu named Nathuram Godse killed the Father of the Nation Mahatma Gandhi. All the country drowned in the ocean of grief Nine months later, Pakistan's first Governor General Muhammad Ali Jinnah also died. In the same year, Lord Mountbatten retired and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari was appointed the first and interim Governor General of India.
Merger of princely states
Most of the princely states, who had been proposed to merge in India or Pakistan, had decided in favor of merger in India, but two states-Kashmir and Hyderabad did not make any decision. Pakistan tried to take control of the state of Kashmir forcefully, but in October 1947, the Maharaja of Kashmir declared the merger in India and sent Indian forces to the air force and secured the Jammu to Kashmir Valley including Srinagar. Pakistani invaders kept their control over the northern part of the princely state and consequently a war broke out with Pakistan. India raised this issue in the United Nations and the United Nations stopped the war on the basis on which the region was occupied. He has not been able to settle this question till date. The Nizam of Hyderabad constituted a conspiracy to give its state of independence status, But as a result of the police action of the Government of India, he was forced to merge in his principality in India in 1948. In the merger of princely states, the then Home Minister Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel had a major role.
Merger of union states
Constitution passed by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949 The Constitution of India was enacted on January 26, 1950. In this constitution, India was declared a democratic Republic and arrangement of federal rule was made. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected the first President and Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru assumed the post of Prime Minister as the leader of the majority party. On this post, he remained till his death till May 27, 1964. His long term Prime Minister proved to be a great beneficiary for the newly born Indian Republic. It has remained consistent in the administration and domestic and foreign policies. Pandit Nehru adopted a policy of non-absolutism in foreign affairs and established diplomatic relations with China. In 1951, Frans transferred Chandranagar peacefully to India. In 1956 AD, in other French settlements (Pondicherry, Kerikal, Maha and Yunnan) also handed over to India. The Portuguese refused to leave Frances and peacefully leave their settlements (Goa, Daman and Diu). Consequently, in 1961, India had to take these settlements under force [2]. In this way the integration of India was completed.
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