Indian ancient history |1700-1800__British Indian |

Aurangzeb's death

In the last time of Aurangzeb, the strength of the Marathas was greatly increased in the south. The RNA was not getting success in suppressing them. So in 1683, Aurangzeb went south with his own army. He stayed away from the capital, remained in the same campaign for almost the last 25 years of his rule. After ruling for 50 years, he died on 3 March 1707 AD in Ahmednagar of South. He was buried in the courtyard of Faqir Burhanuddin, in Daulatabad. His policy created so many opponents, which led to the end of the Mughal Empire.

The death of Guru Gobind Singh

7 October 1708 (age 42) Nanded, Maharashtra, India
Guru Gobind Singh (born December 22, 1666, death: 7 October 1708) was the tenth Guru of the Sikhs. He was born in Bihar's Patna city. On 11 November 1675, after the death of his father Guru Tegh Bahadur, he became a guru. He was a great warrior, a poet, a devotee and a spiritual leader. In 1699, on the day of Baisakhi, he established Khalsa Panth which is considered to be the most important event in the history of the Sikhs. They fought 14 wars with the Mughals or their allies (eg, the king of Shivalik hills).
Guru Gobind Singh completed the sacred book of the Guru Granth Sahib. The bichromatic drama is considered as his autobiography. This is the most important source of information about their life. This is a part of the Das Granth. Dasam Granth is the name of the compilation of the works of Guru Gobind Singh. There are ten gurus of the Sikhs.

Attack of Nadir Shah

Nadir Shah was the ruler of Persia. He is called "Napoleon of Iran". The invasion of Nadir Shah on India happened on February 16, 1739. He was a person of very ambitious character and was attracted to this because of India's immense wealth. The war of Nadir Shah, which had been fought with the Mughal army, is known as the 'war of Karnal'.

Attract India

During the invasion of the Nadir Shah, along with the disintegration of the Mughal Empire, security arrangements on the north-western border also became loose. During this time, there were two foreign invasions from the West on India. The first was led by Nadir Shah and the other was led by Ahmed Shah Abdali. Nadir Shah was the ruler of Persia and India's wealth was attracted to attack him. He needed money to keep his hire. Money looted from India could have solved this problem. Also, the weakness of the Mughal Empire made this loot even easier.
AttackOn June 11, 1738 Nadir Shah entered the city of Ghazni. As a result, on 29 June 1738, he took control over Kabul. After this, Nadir Shah crossed the Indus River in place of the stuck and entered Lahore. The Mughal governor, Zakaria Khan, put arms without any war, and gave him 20 lakh rupees and in his elephant eyes, he appointed himself and Lahore and Nasir Khan as governor of Kabul and Peshawar. Nadirshah reached Sirhind on February 16, 1739. From Sirhind to Ambala, from Ambala to Azimabad and to Karnal, where the war with his Mughal army was fought. This war is famous in the name of 'war of Karnal' in 'Indian history'.

Plassey War

Battle of Plassey was fought on June 23, 1757. The armies of the British and Nawab Sirajuddaula of Bengal came on 23 June 1757, 22 miles south of Murshidabad, in 'Nadiya district' in front of river Bhagirathi, in a village called 'Plasi'. In Sirajuddaula's army where there were patriots like 'Miramdan', 'Mohanlal' on the one hand, on the other side there were rookies with ill-disposed thoughts like Mirzafar. The war started at 9 a.m. on 23rd June. Mirzafar and Raidrallab remained inactive with their armies. Miramdan was killed in this war. The result of the war probably had already been decided by destiny. Robert Clive was victorious without war Consequently, Mirzafar was made the Nawab of Bengal. According to KManikkar, 'It was a deal, in which the rich sages of Bengal and Mirzafar sold the Nawab to the British hands'.

British right to Bengal

Although Plassey's war was a small military clash, it showed the characteristic weakness of Indians emerging. The significance of this war in the history of India is due to the events that happen after it. Undoubtedly, after the Battle of Plassey in India, the period of slavery began, in which its economic and moral exploitation was high. Politically, the position of the East India Company was strengthened. Bengal became subject to British and could never become independent again. New Nawab Mirzafar was dependent on the English for his defense and position. His inability to do so was that even the British refused to punish him for his treachery of Divan Raidarlabh and Ram Narayan. After the Battle of Plassey, 'Luke Scrafteron' was appointed in Bengal in the court of the Nawab, and was appointed as the British resident.

Battle of Buxar

Mir Qasim saw that the Englishmen are misusing the 'Gumtte Dashtak' (the letter of business of unpaid business), and violating the system of collection of taxation. The British had begun sending the money of the knock to the Indian businessmen, the result was that, whatever money the Nawab got in the form of money, he too ended. Finally, Mir Qasim removed all internal tax from the business, which made Indian businessmen look like English traders. The British officers were stunned by this decision of Mir Qasim. Probably this was the reason for Buxar's war in the long run. Before the Battle of Buxar, Mir Qasim was defeated by the British in the following wars-

War of Giria - September 4 or September 5, 1762 AD
Battle of Karva - 9th July, 1763 AD
War of Entrepreneur - 1763 AD

 Clive was appointed the governor of the company in India

Battle of Plassey In 1757, the company won under Robert Clive and another victory in the Battle of Buxar (in Bihar), the strength of the company strengthened, and Emperor Shah Alam appointed the Diwan II, and Revenue Collector of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa The company thus became the real ruler of the large area of ​​Ganga ground below 1773. It also expands its colony around Bombay and Madras to depart from the Degree. By establishing control of large areas of South India of the Sutlej river of Anglo-Mysore Wars (1766-1799) and Anglo-Maratha War (1772-1818) took.

 First Mysore War

In April, 1967, the Nizam, Marathamratha and British army troops invaded Haider Ali, but shortly after Nizam came to Hyder Ali. Now this war was fought between the British and Hyder Ali. After the initial success of the British, the Nizam went back to the British. Hadar Ali regained control of Mangalore and Bombay in March 1768, fighting enthusiastically. In March 1769 AD, his forces reached Madras. On 4th of April, 1769, the Treaty of Madras on the conditions of Hyder Ali in the British compulsion

 Great famine of Bengal

1 The most fatal consequences of British policies were the famines of India repeatedly! After the Bengal famine of 1770, the 1/3 population of that province had died, due to this, the ascetic revolt had begun, Anandamath
The last famine was in Bengal in 1943-1944, in which at least 40 lakh people were killed. At exactly that time when Hitler had massacred Judeo, then all the world is seen on it, but in the memory of it there is a museum, but in Bengal The plight of the people has never been talked about in the world stage, even though the British Government did not even attempt to stop hoarding those days; the restaurants they had opened opened at the right time and closed. Sector to take a hungry person eating it twice on them !!!!!
In these major famines, 10 to 40 lakh people died every time, the pandemic was immediately followed by the pestilence that killed the survivors of the Kuti population. The major famine of the 19th century was the 1868 famine of the northern province of Pashchim, Madras province between 1866-70, Due to the famine of Rajputana, North Pashim province, Punjab, Central Province, 1865 Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Famine of Great Famine, 1899-1990, during the period of lit. 1875-76, during the famine of Great Britain, 1899-1908 The 5 biggest famine among these famines Punarvarti, public life, fall of the economy can be considered the most inhuman consequence of the British Raj

Maharaj Ranjit Singh

Ranjeet Singh was born in 1780 AD. On the death of Mahan Singh, Ranjeet Singh was the leader of Misal Sukre Chakia in the twelfth year. In 1798 AD, when Jaman Shah returned from Punjab, he took control over Lahore. Slowly, from Sutlej to Indus, all the misls which were ruling were taken over by him. Among the Sutlej and Yamuna, the Pulkis were ruling the rulers of Misl. In 1806 AD Ranjeet Singh tried to subdue them, but did not succeed.
There were properties of military leadership in Ranjitsinh. They were far sighted. They were men of pale dye. One of his eyes went away from the outbreak of cold. But despite this, he was stunning. So while he was alive, all the misls were dabbed.
At that time, the British state had reached Yamuna and the Fulkis, the king of Misl, began to accept the dominion of the English kingdom. The British refused Ranjeet Singh to do this work. Ranjeet Singh did not think fit to fight with the British and made a treaty that we will not increase our state beyond the Sutlej. Ranjeet Singh called French soldiers and prepared his army in a sultry way in his military command.
Now they started attacking the southern, western and northern parts of Punjab, and in ten years increased their state to Multan, Peshawar and Kashmir.
Ranjeet Singh himself was ugly but beautiful women and beautiful men used to attract them equally and he used to be surrounded by such people.
Ranjitsinh had taken Peshawar into his own right, but had to struggle hard for many years to complete his full control over that province. He has become the lord of entire Punjab; And he did not face British interference. But at the time when the British had sought help from the Sikhs against Napoleon's forces, they did not get them.
In 1808 AD, Ranjeet Singh changed the state of Peshawar in the name of his ambitious mother-in-law Sadakore. Because it was an agent of the British woman. Ranjeet Singh had confronted him with a quarrelsome mother-in-law and captured him and took over the fortress of Havdani in his own right. A detachment of the British army redeemed the innocent widow Sadakour and brought the rights back. Ranjeet Singh did not want any kind of fight with the British army.

 Second Mysore War

The British did not conduct themselves according to the conditions of the treaty of 1769 AD, and in 1770 AD, Haider-Ali was not given aid when the Marathas attacked him according to the agreement. Haider-Ali was very tired of this betrayal of the British. His anger grew even further when the British took control of Mahi's French settlement under Haider-Ali's state borders and took over. He made a tripartite treaty with the Maratha and Nizam in 1780 AD, which led to the Second Mysore War.

The Pitts Act

The Pitts India Act of 1784 had formed an executive council with legislative powers to assist the governor. The council was initially of four members, two of which were from the Indian Civil Service or the contractual civil service and the third member was a distinct Indian. The fourth member was the Commander-in-Chief of the Madras Army. When the Madras Army was abolished in 1895, the number of members of the Council decreased to three. The legislative powers of this council were withdrawn and its status reduced to just one advisory body. However, according to the Indian Council Act of 1861, these powers were restored. The council was extended from time to time by incorporating government and non-official members, and by 1935 it served as the main legislative body, when a more representative nature was formed and the legislative powers were transferred to the assembly Given. August 15,

 Permanent settlement in Bengal

Stable arrangements related to settlement of settlement of land and lease rent. Lord Cornwallis arranged a tenure of levy of recovery in 1786 AD in consultation with the Parliament of England (before that the Panchasala and Aksala settlement had been proved unsuccessful) and it was decided that if this system was proven satisfactory in the then British Indian Territory If it is done then it will be made permanent. Consequently, in 1793 AD, Lord Cornwallis made permanent settlement of Bengal's marginalization. Accordingly, the owners of the land used to levy land levied were considered and the rates of lease were also fixed. In his supervision and management, the landlord was entitled to the additional income which he had earned from the land under his possession. The rent to be taken from the farmers was also fixed by the lease.

From this settlement, the government, landlord and the farmer were all affected differently. In future, the government could not increase the levy even after the price of land and the increase in yield. Therefore He had to suffer heavy losses. But the benefit to the government is that from time to time, he got rid of the hassle of fixing and recovering the money. Landlords benefited greatly from this. They became rich His patriotism grew to British and it strengthened the roots of English rule in India. A lot of land in Bengal was made worth cultivation and the province of Bengal became the most prosperous and progressive in India. The landlord became rich by getting more rent and also in the commerce business. But farmers did not benefit from this arrangement. They had to pay a lot more and also to suffer torture at the hands of Zamindar's carins. Due to poor, farmers could not even take court action against atrocities. In order to stop the atrocities of landlords, in 1859 AD, the Bengal Tenancy Act was to be created.

Fourth Mysore War

Fourth war lord-lord Lord Morningington (later Wellesley) began with the excuse that Tipu is getting help from the French. Short-term, but proved terrible The reason for this was to reject Tipu Sultan's proposal to become British dependent, the then Governor-General Lord Wellesley had full faith in Tipu's anti-British activities. He came to know that after the defeat of 1792 AD, Tipu had tried to treat the treaty with the rulers of France, Kustunatunia, and Afghanistan, that the British should be fired from India.

Death of Tipu Sultan

The British who run the policy of 'Divide, govern' have betrayed Tipu after the treaty. Together with the Hyderabad East India Company, for the fourth time, he attacked Tipu with a tremendous attack and, finally, on May 4, 1799, the lion of Mysore was martyred while protecting Srirangpatnam. In 1799 AD, on the defeat and death of the British, in a part of the kingdom of Mysore, the minor son of his old Hindu king was seated on the throne, his diwan appointed Purania.