Vijayanagara Empire:-
When Muhammad Tughlaq was losing his power in the south, two Hindu kings, Harihara and Bakka established an independent kingdom between Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers in 1336. Soon, he established his kingdom on this whole region between Krishna River and north of Kaveri river in the north. With the increasing strength of the Vijayanagara empire, these many forces clashed and they fought repeatedly with the Bahmani empire.The most famous king of the Vijayanagara empire was Krishna Dev Rai. Vijayanagara's dynasty reached the peak of grandeur during his tenure. They were successful in all the battles they fought. He defeated the King of Odisha and added Vijaywada and Raj Mahendri.
Krishna Dev Rai encouraged trade with Western countries. They had good relations with the Portuguese, whose trade was established in those days as trade centers on the west coast of India. He was not only a great warrior but he was also the great patron of the connoisseur and accessibility of art. Telugu literature flourished during his tenure. There was considerable promotion of painting, sculpture, dance and music by him and his successors. He encouraged people through his personal charm, kindness and ideal administration.
The fall of the Vijayanagar empire began in 1529 with the death of Krishna Dev Rai. This empire ended in 1565 when Ram Rai was defeated in Talikota by the joint efforts of Adilshahi, Nizam Shahi, Qutb Shahi and Burid Shahi. After this the kingdom was broken into small states.
Bhamani Empire
Mahmood Gawan, the most revered personality of the Bahamani state, was the Prime Minister of the state of Amir Ul Alamara for more than two decades. He fought many battles, defeated many kings and added several areas to the Bahamani state. Inside the state, he reformed the administration, organized financial system, encouraged people's education, reformed the revenue system, disciplined the army and ended corruption. The rich and sincere rich, he kept his high reputation high above the southern group of specific individuals, especially Nizam ul-Mul, and his execution with his system. With this the downfall of the Bahmani empire began, which ended in 1527 from the death of his last king Kali Mullah. With this the Bahmani empire broke into five regional independent parts - Ahmed Nagar, Bijapur, Barar, Bidar and Golconda.
The Mughal Dynasty
was one of the greatest rulers of the Mughal dynasty inIndia. The Mughal rulers ruled over thousands of people. India got together under one rule and here various cultural and political periods were seen during the Mughal rule. Many Muslim and Hindu dynasties were broken all over India, and after this the founders of the Mughal dynasty came here. There are some people like Babar, who was the grandson of the great Asian conqueror Timur Lang and winner Champgekhan, who came from the northern region of the Ganga river valley, who decided to capture Khyber and finally occupied the whole of India.
Babur (1526-1530): This was the grandfather of Timur Lang and Changzekhan who was the first Mughal ruler in India. He fought with the Lodhi clan in 1526 during the first battle of Panipat and defeated them and thus in the end the Mughal dynasty was established. Babar ruled till 1530 and after that his son Humayun sat on the throne.
Humayun (1530-1540 and 1555-1556): Babar's eldest son who took over the kingdom after his father and became the second ruler of the Mughal dynasty. He ruled India for almost a decade, but then defeated him by Afghan ruler Sher Shah Suri. Humayun wandered for nearly 15 years after his defeat Meanwhile Sher Sher died and Humayun was able to defeat his successor Sikandar Suri, and could get the kingdom of India again. Shortly after that, at the age of 48, he died in 1556.
Sher Shah Suri (1540-1545): An Afghan leader who defeated Humayun in 1540 and conquered the Mughal rule. Sher Shah ruled Delhi's Takht for more than 5 years and he could not establish his jurisdiction in this subcontinent. As a king, many achievements are credited to his account. He established an efficient public administration. He established a system of revenue collection based on measurement of land. In his state, the common man got justice. Many public works were done in his short-term government work like planting trees, wells and inns for travelers, roads were constructed, during the same period, Grand Trunk Road from Delhi to Kabul was built. The currency was changed to silver coins of small amounts, which were called prices. Although no longer living after sitting on Sher Shah Takht and after 5 years of rule, he died in 1545.
Akbar (1556-1605): Humayun's successor, Akbar was born during exile and he was only 13 years old when his father died. Akbar has a special place in history. He was the only ruler in which the foundation of the Mughal empire was established. After continuous victory, he subdued most of India's part. The parts which were not included in his governance were declared a subsidiary. He also adopted liberal policy towards Rajputs and thus reduced the risk to them. Akbar was not only a great winner but also a competent organizer and a great administrator. He established institutions that were found to be the foundation of an administrative system, which was also operated in British India as well. During Akbar's reign, his liberal policies towards non-Muslims, his religious innovation, Due to the land revenue system and its famous celebration practice, its status is different. Akbar's Manashakti based on the basis of Mughal military organization and civil administrationMade.
Akbar's death took place on his cot, almost 50 years after Arohan in 1605 and he was buried in Sikandra outside Agra. Then his son Jahangir took over the Takht .
Jahangir: In place of Akbar, his son Salim handled Taktotaz, who got Jahangir's title, which means the world's winner. He married Mehar Nisa, whom he named the nurjahan (world light). He loved it wildly and handed it over to the whole regime of the administration to Nurjahan. He expanded his kingdom in addition to Kangra and Kishwar and also included Bengal in the Mughal empire. Within Jahangir there was a lack of political entrepreneurship like his father Akbar. But he was an honest and tolerant ruler. He tried to improve the society and he was generous towards Hindus, Christians and Jews. While his relationship with the Sikhs was tense and the fifth Guru of the ten Sikh Gurus, Arjun Dev had been killed on the orders of Jahangir, who had the desire to help Jugar's rebel son Khusru. During the reign of Jahangir, art, The Mughal Gardens, built in literature and architecture Puli Fuli and Sri Nagar, are a permanent proof of his artistic taste. His death took place in 1627.
Shah Jahan: After Jahangir, his second son Khurram took over the Takht in 1628. Khurram named the name of Shah Jahan, which means the king of the world. He expanded his state north to Kandahar and won the majority of South India. The Mughal rule was at its peak during the tenure of Shah Jahan. This is about 100 years of unparalleled prosperity and peace. As a result, in this period, the world has the opportunity to see the unique development of the arts and culture of Mughal rule. Shah Jahan is called architect King. These two buildings located in the Red Fort and Jama Masjid, Delhi stand as the achievements of civil engineering and art. Apart from all this, Shahjahan is remembered for the Taj Mahal today, which he built on the banks of Yamuna in Agra with white marble for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal.
Aurangzeb: Aurangzeb took the citadel in 1658 and ruled till 1707. Thus Aurangzeb ruled for 50 years. Which was a long time equivalent to Akbar. But unfortunately, he kept his five sons away from the royal court and the result was that none of them got training in the art of running the government. This led to the loss of the Mughals further. During his 50 years of rule Aurangzeb tried to fulfill this aspiration of bringing this entire sub-continent together. It happened in the same period as the Mughal rule reached its highest point in the region. He worked hard for years but in the end his health deteriorated. He did not leave any property in 1707 at the age of 90 years at the time of his death. With his death, disruptive forces got up and the decline of the powerful Mughal empire started.
Fall of Mughal rule period
The disintegration of the Mughal rule period was started after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707. His son and successor, Bahadur Shah Zafar had already grown old, when he sat on Sihanshan and faced them once in a rebellion. At that time the challenges were getting from the Marathas and the British in front of the empire. Due to inflation and religious intolerance in Doa, the hold of Mughal rule weakened. The Mughal empire broke into many independent or semi-independent states. Nadir Shah of Iran invaded Delhi in 1739 and declared the breakdown of the power of the Mughals. This empire swiftly broke to this extent that it was only a small district near Delhi. Nevertheless, he retained his kingdom in at least parts of India till 1850, when he was never found again and again. Rajshahi empire ended after Bahadur Shah II, The British Raj had been expelled by Rangoon on suspicion of assisting the soldiers in the revolt. He died there in 1862.
This ended the middle age of Indian history and gradually the British Raj extended its hold on the nation and the birth of Indian freedom struggle was born.
The rise of Sikh power;
Sikh religion was founded by Guru Nanak Dev in the beginning of the sixteenth century. Guru Nanak was born on April 15, 1469 in Talwandi, a village in western Punjab. As a child, he was not interested in worldly things. At the age of thirteen he received knowledge. After this, he traveled almost all parts of the country and went to Mecca and Baghdad and gave his message to all. On his death, he was adopted by nine other gurus .
Guru Angad Dev Ji (1504-1552) remained a guru for thirteen years (1539-1552). He created Gurumukhi's new script and provided a written language to the Sikhs. After his death, Guru Amardas Ji (1479-1574) took over his succession. He showed great dedication and anchored in the form of an indivisible fate of Sikhism. Guru Ramdas took over the post of fourth Guru, he made verses, which were later included in holy writings. Guru Arjan Dev Ji became the fifth guru of Sikh religion. He created the world famous Harmandir Sahib, which is also known as the Golden Temple located in Amritsar. He compiled a holy book, which is a sacred religious book of Sikh religion. Guru Arjan Dev left the body in 1606 and after him came Mr. Har Govind, who maintained the permanent army and symbolically used to wear two swords,
Guru Har Rai was a Satvant Guru who was born in 1630, and he spent most of his life focusing on meditation and preaching of Guru Nanak. His death took place in 1661 and after him his second son, every Kishen took over the post of Guru. Guru Sri Har Krishan ji attained knowledge in 1661 He spent his life in the service and care of people suffering from the famine of Delhi. The place where he took his last breath of life is called Gurudwara Bangla Sahib in Delhi. Shri Guru Teg Bahadur became a Guru in 1664. When the Mughal governor of Kashmir put pressure on Hindus to force them to change their religion, Guru Tegh Bahadur decided to fight against it. Gurudwara Sisganj, Delhi is in the same place where Guru Sahib took the last breath and Guru was cremated at Rakabganj. Tenth guru Guru Gobind Singh was born in 1666 and became a teacher after the death of his father Guru Teg Bahadur. At the time of his death, Guru Gobind Singh termed Guru Granth Sahib as the highest leader of Sikh religion and thus ended the long tradition of nominating a religious teacher.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (1630-1680) was the Maharaja of Maharashtra, who first faced grave challenge before the Mughals and ultimately influenced his Indian empire.He was an invincible warrior and an honorable commander. They prepared a strong army and nine army. He displayed the spirit of struggle in the short-term of 18 years, when he got the maximum strength in many forts of Maharashtra. He also constructed and improved many forts and maintained a high intelligence system of espionage. The use of guerrilla warfare was a unique and prominent feature of their war technical .
It was Shivaji's wisdom that he organized the scattered people and made a match between them for the creation of a nation, which was possible by the leadership of his power and success. Shivaji turned towards the citizens, the general public, and transformed them into an excellent struggle instrument and which he effectively used against the Sultans of the South and the Mughals.
The state established by Shivaji Maharaj is known as 'Hindavi Swaraj', which grew during the time and developed into a powerful state of India. Shivaji Maharaj died at the place of Raigad in 1680 at the age of 50. Due to their premature death, there was a serious shortage in the history of Maharashtra.
Shivaji was an extraordinary person in his principles, and he challenged his life from an independent state, challenged the powerful Mughal empire, and left behind a legacy that proved to be the source of inspiration for future generations.
He rise of Sikh power:-
Sikh religion was founded by Guru Nanak Dev in the beginning of the sixteenth century. Guru Nanak was born on April 15, 1469 in Talwandi, a village in western Punjab. As a child, he was not interested in worldly things. At the age of thirteen he received knowledge. After this, he traveled almost all parts of the country and went to Mecca and Baghdad and gave his message to all. On his death, he was adopted by nine other gurus.Guru Angad Dev Ji (1504-1552) remained a guru for thirteen years (1539-1552). He created Gurumukhi's new script and provided a written language to the Sikhs. After his death, Guru Amardas Ji (1479-1574) took over his succession. He showed great dedication and anchored in the form of an indivisible fate of Sikhism. Guru Ramdas took over the post of fourth Guru, he made verses, which were later included in holy writings. Guru Arjan Dev Ji became the fifth guru of Sikh religion. He created the world famous Harmandir Sahib, which is also known as the Golden Temple located in Amritsar. He compiled a holy book, which is a sacred religious book of Sikh religion. Guru Arjan Dev left the body in 1606 and after him came Mr. Har Govind, who maintained the permanent army and symbolically used to wear two swords,
Guru Har Rai was a Satvant Guru who was born in 1630, and he spent most of his life focusing on meditation and preaching of Guru Nanak. His death took place in 1661 and after him his second son, every Kishen took over the post of Guru. Guru Sri Har Krishan ji attained knowledge in 1661 He spent his life in the service and care of people suffering from the famine of Delhi. The place where he took his last breath of life is called Gurudwara Bangla Sahib in Delhi. Shri Guru Teg Bahadur became a Guru in 1664. When the Mughal governor of Kashmir put pressure on Hindus to force them to change their religion, Guru Tegh Bahadur decided to fight against it. Gurudwara Sisganj, Delhi is in the same place where Guru Sahib took the last breath and Guru was cremated at Rakabganj. Tenth guru Guru Gobind Singh was born in 1666 and became a teacher after the death of his father Guru Teg Bahadur. At the time of his death, Guru Gobind Singh termed Guru Granth Sahib as the highest leader of Sikh religion and thus ended the long tradition of nominating a religious teacher.
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