History: Indian Freedom Struggle (1857-1947)
In the old times when people from all over the world used to be eager to come to India. Here the people of Arya classes came from Central Europe and settled in India. After them Mughal came and they also settled permanently in India. Changzekhan was a Mongolian who invaded India many times and looted the party. Alexander the Great also came to conquer India, but went back after defeating in war with Porus. A Chinese citizen named Hen Say, came here in search of knowledge and visited the universities of Nalanda and Taxila, which are ancient Indian universities. Columbus wanted to come to India but he liked to go to America's shores. Vasco Digamma from Portugal came here with business items of his country who wanted to take Indian spices. Here also the French people came and made their colonies in India.
Finally the British came and they ruled India for almost 200 years. After the war of Plasy in 1757, British people got political rights over India. And their dominion was established here in the working days of Lord Dalhousie, who became governor general in 1848. They combined the Punjab, Peshawar and Pathan tribes from the north west of India. And by the year 1856 British rights and their authority were firmly established here. While the British Empire achieved its new heights in the middle of the 19th century, dissident local rulers, laborers, intellectuals and ordinary citizens sounded like soldiers who were unemployed after the expiration of the armies of those different states, Had combined and this dissatisfaction grew. Soon it was a rebellion that took shape of the revolt of 1857.
Indian Revolt in 1857
Conquest of India, which can be considered as the beginning of Plassey's Sangram (1757), was practically the end of Dalhousie's tenure in 1856. In any sense, this was not a smooth running affair, because of the growing dissatisfaction of the people, many local provinces continued during this period. Although the revolt of 1857, which began with the revolt of military personnel in Meerut, spread quickly further and this gave a serious challenge to the British rule. While the British government succeeded in suppressing it within a year, it was definitely a popular revolution in which the Indian rulers, the masses and the civil army were involved, which enthusiastically participated in it to be called the first war of Indian independence. Could.
To start a landlifting practice by the British, in which workers were crushed by heavy taxes, they became a new class of land owners. Artisans were destroyed by the arrival of British manufactured goods. Religion and caste system, which had built a strong foundation of traditional Indian society, was now in danger due to the British administration. Indian soldiers as well as civilians working in the administration were not promoted to senior posts as they were reserved for the European people. Thus, in the four directions, the sentiment of dissent and rebellion spread against the British rule, which was narrated in the voice of this rebellion made by the soldiers in Meerut when they were asked to open such cartridge with the mouth on which the cow and pig fat It was engaged, it hurt his religious sentiments. Both Hindus and Muslims refused to use these cartridges,
The rebel army quickly captured Delhi and this revolution spread to a large area and it was taken in hand in almost all parts of the country. The most horrific war in this was fought in Delhi, Awadh, Rohilkhand, Bundel Khand, Allahabad, Agra, Meerut and western Bihar. In the rebel forces, Kanwar Singh in Bihar and under the leadership of Bakhkhakhan in Delhi, gave a severe blow to the British rule. Nana Saheb proclaimed as Peshawar in Kanpur and Tatya Tope led his forces which was a fearless leader. Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi fought a glorious battle with the British and led his armies. India's Hindus, Muslims, The Sikhs and all other heroic sons fought together on shoulders and pledged to uproot the British Raj. This revolution was controlled by the British Raj within one year, which started on May 10, 1857 in Meerut and ended on 20th June 1858 at Gwalior.
End of East India Company
As a result of the failure of the rebellion of 1857, the end of the rule of the East India Company in India also became visible and there were significant changes in the policies of the British rule towards India, under which the Indian rulers, the warlords and the landowners, on their side, strengthened the British rule. Attempted to do According to the declaration of Queen Victoria, dated 1 November 1858, it was announced that after this, the rule of India will be run by the British Raj and by the Secretary of State for him. The Governor General was given the title of Viceroy, which meant he was the representative of the King. Queen Victoria, which meant that she should hold the title of the empress, and thus the British Government took on unlimited powers to interfere in the internal affairs of the Indian state. In short, British supremacy on India, including Indian state, was firmly established. The British loyal kings, While giving land to the landlords and local warlords, ignoring the educated people and the common masses (public). They promoted other professionals such as British businessmen, industrialists, plantation owners and civil servants (serventes). Thus, the people of India had no right to govern or make policies. As a result, people became disillusioned with the British rule, which gave birth to the Indian National Movement.
The leadership of the freedom movement went into the hands of reformists like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Bankim Chandra and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar. During this time, the psychological concept of national unity continued to grow slowly as a struggle against a common foreign tyrannical / dictator.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833) established Brahma Samaj in 1828 with the aim of liberating the society from its bad practices. He worked to eliminate bad practices like sati, child marriage and curtain system, supported widow marriage, women education and education through English method in India. Due to these efforts, the British rule declared sati to be a legal offense.
Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902), who was a disciple of Ramkrishna Paramahansa, established Ramkrishna Mission in Velur in 1897. They supported the supremacy of Vedantic philosophy. In 1893, his speech at the World Religions Conference in Chicago (USA), for the first time, comprehended the Western people, understanding the greatness of Hinduism.
The formation of the Indian National Congress (ICC)
The foundation of the Indian National Movement was laid in 1876 by Surinder Nath Banerjee with the formation of Bharat Association in Calcutta. The objective of the Association was to represent the educated middle class, to inspire Indian society for organized action. In a way, the forerunner of the Indian Association, the Indian National Congress, which was established in the service of British retired British officer A.O. Hume, was the forerunner of. In 1895, the birth of the Indian National Congress (INC) began to appear in the newly educated middle class politics, and this changed the nature of Indian politics. The first session of the Indian National Congress took place in Bombay in December 1885 under the chairmanship of Vomesh Chandra Banerjee and participated in it along with others.
During the change of the century, through the "Swadeshi Movement" run by leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Arvind Ghosh, the freedom movement reached general uneducated people. Congress convention held in Calcutta in 1906, which was chaired by grandfather Bhai Nauroji, slogan for receiving "Swarajya" i.e. a type of such self governance going to be governed by the people chosen in British control, as in Canada and Australia , Which were under the British Empire, were popular.
In the middle, in 1909, the British government announced some improvement in the structure of the Indian government, which is known as Morley-Minto reforms. But these reforms only got disappointment because there was no effort to increase the direction of establishing a representative government. The provision to give special representation to Muslims was seen as a threat to the Hindu-Muslim unity on which the national movement was hampered, so all these reforms were strongly opposed by the leaders including the leader of the Muslim community, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. After this, Emperor George V has made two announcements in Delhi, the first Bengal division which was done in 1905 was canceled, secondly, it was announced that India's capital would be removed from Calcutta and brought to Delhi.
Dissatisfaction with the declared reforms in the year 1909, the struggle of the Swaraj movement was further intensified. Whereas great leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai and Vipin Chandra Pal started almost war in a way against the British Raj, on the other hand revolutionaries started violent activities. A wave of one type of instability was found throughout the country itself. There was discontent among the people already, increasing it further, in 1919, the Act of the Act was passed, so that the government could keep people in jail without trial. This led to the spread of indigenous peoples and large demonstrations and detentions, which the government tried to suppress the oppressive activities like Jallianwala Bagh, Narahar where thousands of innocent people were frozen with bullets at the order of General Dyer Given.
Jalianwala Bagh Massacre
Genocide in Jallianwala Bagh on 13th April 1919 was a very disgusting inhuman act of British rule in India. People of Punjab, gathered at Jallianwala Bagh near Baisakhi, to show their peaceful protest against the oppressive policies of British rule. Suddenly, General Dyer came along with his armed police force and fired indiscriminately firing on unarmed unarmed people, and killed hundreds of women and children. Later, Udham Singh killed General Dyer, the butcher butcher of the Jallianwala Bagh, for a revenge for this barbaric act.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi became the undisputed leader of the Congress after World War I (1914-1918). During this struggle, Mahatma Gandhi developed a new technique of non-violent movement, which he called "Satyagrahaa", whose loose translation is "moral rule". Gandhi, who was himself a devout Hindus, tolerance, was a supporter of brother-in-law, nonviolence and a simple life in all religions. With this, new leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose also came forward and advocated for the goal of total independence for the national movement.
Non-Cooperation Movement
Non-cooperation movement was organized between September 1920 and February 1922 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and Indian National Congress, which gave a new awakening to the Indian independence movement. After many incidents including the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, Gandhi felt that there is no possibility of getting a proper justice in British hands, so he planned to withdraw the cooperation of the British with the British government and thus the non-cooperation movement was launched. And there has been an impact on the administrative system in the country. This movement was extremely successful because it got encouragement of millions of Indians. The British authorities shook away from this movement.
Simon Commission
Non-cooperation movement failed So there was some lack of political activity. Simon Commission was sent to India in 1927 to suggest improvements in the structure of the Government of India by the British Government. There was no Indian member in this commission and the government did not show any desire to accept this demand for Swaraj. Hence, a spark of revolt broke out across the country and the Muslim League along with the Congress also challenged the boycott by Lala Lajpat Rai. Sticks were thrown on the crowd that came in and Lala Lajpat Rai, also known as Sher-e-Punjab, died due to injuries caused by a nuisance.Civil disobedience movement
Mahatma Gandhi led the Civil Disobedience Movement, which started in December 1929 during the Congress session. The goal of this campaign was to completely disobey the orders of the British Government. During this movement, it was decided that India will celebrate Independence Day on January 26 throughout the country. So on January 26, 1930, meetings were held throughout the country and Congress waved the tricolor. The British government tried to suppress this movement and for this people were mercilessly frozen with bullets, thousands of people were killed. Several thousand people were arrested with Gandhiji and Jawaharlal Nehru. But this movement had spread throughout the four corners of the country. Subsequently, the Round Table Conference was organized by the British Government and Gandhi ji participated in the Second Round Table Conference in London. But there was no result of this conference and the civil disobedience movement was revived.At this time, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were arrested for throwing bombs in Central Assembly Hall (now Lok Sabha) in Delhi in protest against foreign authoritarian rule. On March 23, 1931, he was sentenced to death
Quit India Movement
In August 1942, Gandhi started the "Quit India Movement" and decided to launch a collective civil disobedience movement "Do or Die" to force the British to leave India. Following this movement, violence at large level started at railway stations, telephone offices, government buildings and other places and institutions of sub-investment. There have been many incidents of breaking of the bribe, and the Government held Gandhi responsible for these acts of violence and said that this is a deliberate act of Congress policy. While all the prominent leaders were arrested, the Congress was banned and the army was called to suppress the movement.Meanwhile, leader G. Subhash Chandra Bose, who was still underground, came out of British detention in Calcutta and moved abroad and for the purpose of overthrowing the British Raj from India, he formed the Indian National Army (INA) or the Azad Hind Fauj.
World War II began in September 1939 and without consulting Indian leaders, the Governor General of the British Raj on behalf of India announced the war. Subhash Chandra Bose fought with British forces with the help of Japan and liberated the Andaman and Nicobar Islands from the occupation of the British Raj and they also entered the northeast border of India. But after Japan got defeated in 1945, the leader went on a plane to come to a safe place but an accident happened with his plane and he died.
"You give me blood and I will give you freedom" - the most popular slogan given by him, in which he invited the people of India to participate in this struggle of freedom.
Partition of India and Pakistan
At the end of World War II, the Labor Party came under the leadership of British Prime Minister Clement Richard Etley. Labor Party had a sense of sympathy for Indian citizens for independence. A cabinet commission was sent to India in March 1946, after which the Indian political scene was carefully studied, the proposal to construct an interim government was proposed and constituted a provincial legislation to constitute the Constituent Assembly with the elected members and nominated persons of Indian states. Gaya. The leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru created an interim government. While the Muslim League refused to attend the discussion of the Constituent Assembly and pressured Pakistan to form a separate state. Lord Mountbatten,Thus, India became independent on midnight of 14th August 1947 (since then, every year India celebrates Independence Day on August 15). Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of independent India and continued his tenure till 1964. Giving the voice of the nation's feelings, the Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru said,
Several years ago we decided with destiny and now the time has come when we will take back our oath, not with totality or not, but in a very plural manner. When the world sleeps in the middle of the night hours, India will wake up for life and freedom. A moment which rarely comes in history, when we will move from our old armor into the new world, when an era will end and when the soul of the nation will get its voice after being repressed for a long time. We are ending an era of misfortune today and India is starting its search again.
First, the Constituent Assembly was formed in July 1946 to outline the Constitution of India and Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected its President. Indian Constitution, which was adopted by the Sangaktak Sabha on November 26, 1949. This constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950 and Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected the first President of India.
Independent india
On August 15, 1947, the country saw the sun of freedom which was red with the blood of the partition, but it could also be seen in the head of the country's coming. Today, the same country, with the help of more than 600 million youth, is a Jamaat of one billion people, which is seeing the whole world as emerging economic power. .
The events after Independence are as follows:
1947: On August 15, the country has been rescued from the slavery of the British
1948: Mahatma Gandhi's assassination on January 30th. This year the Indian hockey team won the gold medal at the London Olympics.
1950: India became Republic of January 26. Constitution enforced.
1951: The country's first five-year plan is implemented.
1952: First General Elections in the Country. Congress won power by winning 364 out of 489 seats. Golden hockey to the Indian hockey team at the Helsinki Olympics
1954: Panchsheel Agreement between India and China.
1956: Reorganization of States.
1960: Indus Water Treaty in India and Pakistan.
1962: China attacks India in October China's second attack in November. The first serious challenge for the youth of the country, breathing in the Fiji of Independence.
1963: India launches the first rocket.
1964: Death of Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri became the Prime Minister.
1965: Second war between India and Pakistan on Kashmir
1966: Lal Bahadur Shastri dies Indira Gandhi became the first woman Prime Minister of the country. Start of Operation Flood.
1967: The beginning of the Green Revolution.
1969: Partition of Congress Nationalization of banks The first superfast train ran between Rajdhani Express New Delhi to Howrah. A major achievement of railways
1971: The war between India and Pakistan The rise of Bangladesh Pakistan's Karari Defeat
1972: Shimla Agreement between India and Pakistan
1974: On 18th May, 1974, India made the sixth nuclear power by conducting nuclear tests in Poshkaran.
1975: Prime Minister Indira Gandhi announces emergency in the country Several opposition leaders including Jayprakash Narayan, George Fernandes and Atal Bihari Vajpayee were arrested. Restrictions on Press Freedom The launch of India's first satellite Aryabhatta Film Sholay broke all the box office records
1976: Agreement between India and Pakistan begins
1977: After the defeat of Congress, the first non-Congress government is formed in the country. Sea tornado killed 35 thousand in Andhra Pradesh
1978: Birth of child born Durga (Kanupriya Agarwal), India's first test tube.
1979: The collapse of the first non-Congress government in the absence of experience. Mother Teresa Nobel Prize for the help of the underprivileged and victims
1980: Unexpected death of Sanjay Gandhi in plane crash Rajiv Gandhi's debut in Indian politics Prakash Padukone won the All England Open Badminton Tournament for India for the first time. India's hockey gold at the Moscow Olympics
1981: Indian Medical Scientists have made great success by synthesizing tomorril.
1982: India successfully organizes 9th Asian Games The beginning of color television in the country.
1983: Indian cricket team defeats West Indies to win World Cup for the first time. India's first multi- purpose communications and weather satellite INSAT-1B launched. Maruti -800 landed on the roads
1984: Army's entry into Golden Temple for the elimination of terrorists under Operation Blue Star The assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in the hands of Sikh bodyguards. The anti- Sikh riots across the country ... Thousands of deaths due to poisonous gas leakage in Union Carbide plant in Bhopal. Rakesh Sharma becomes the first Indian to go into space.
1985: Establishment of South Asian Regional Cooperation Organization Indian cricket team won the World Cricket Series by defeating Australia. Air India's plane coming to Toronto from Toronto to Mumbai crashed with 329 passengers.
1986: Enforcement of New Education Policy in Chennai, first case of AIDS front.
1987: Rajiv Gandhi Tainted on the Bofors Tope Deal India's first Grandmaster Viswanathan Anand World Junior Chess Champion
1988: Successful testing of earth protrusion from surface to surface shoots.
1990: Mandal Commission's recommendations apply. The beginning of cable and satellite television in the country.
1991: Rajiv Gandhi's death in a suicide attack in Sriperumbudur. The beginning of economic reforms in the country. Construction of the country's first supercomputer ultimate.
1992: demolished the disputed structure in Ayodhya. Harshad Mehta's Thousand Crores scam in stock market
1993: A series of bomb blasts in Mumbai killed hundreds. Starting the private airline service in India.
1994: Sushmita Sen won the title of the universe beauty. Aishwarya Rai became a world beauty. Successful flight of PSLV
1995: Mobile service start in the country
1997: Mother Teresa dead. First Indian woman Astronaut Kalpana Chawla saves space from Columbia
1998: India conducts another nuclear test. Trivia of the Western countries
1999: Among the efforts of peace talks between India and Pakistan, the confrontation between India and Pakistan's army in Kargil is again confrontation. Pakistan's Karari Defeat Indian Airlines plane abduction was released after the release of three terrorists.
2001: Signature of the country's democracy terror attack on Parliament House Earthquake in Gujarat Thousands of deaths
2002: Communal violence in Gujarat after attack on Sabarmati Express at Godhra railway station. Attack on the Akshardham Temple in Gujarat. The beginning of Delhi Metro.
2003: Columbia returned crashing around astronauts. Kalpana Chawla's death
2004: The horrific catastrophe in the southern states of India due to the tsunami. 35 thousand deaths Rajyavardhansingh Rathore won the first individual silver for India in the shooting of Athens Olympics.
2005: Thousands of people die in the earthquake in Jammu and Kashmir Millions of homeless
2006: Hundreds of bomb blasts killed hundreds in Mumbai.
2007: Pratibha Patil becomes the first female President of the country. Significant Nuclear Agreement with America The country has completed 60 years of independence.
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