Indian Medieval History

Pal empire:-

Kannauj was considered to be the symbol of the dominion of northern India since the time of Harsha. Later this place was acquired by Delhi. The foundation of the Pal Empire was cast in 750 AD by a king called 'Gopal'. It is said that in order to suppress the uncertainty spread in that area, some prominent people chose him as King. Thus, the King's election was an unprecedented event. It probably means that Gopal was successful in getting support from all the important people of that area, and this helped him gain a lot in strengthening his position. The son of Gopal, the eldest emperor of the Pala dynasty, was 'Dharmapal'. It ruled from 770 to 810 AD. The struggle for Kannauj's rule began in this reign. The rulers of this period believed that the ruler of Kannauj would be accepted as the emperor of entire Northern India. Control of Kannauj also meant that the ruler would also control the upper Ganga valley and its vast natural resources. The first enemy ruler, Vatsaraj, defeated Dharmapala and got the right over Kannauj. But at the same time, the Rashtrakuta emperor 'Dhruv', who was struggling with pratishthans for domination over Gujarat and Malwa, He raided northern India. After a lot of preparations, he crossed Narmada and defeated Vatsaraj near the modern Jhansi in the war. After this he defeated Dharmapala in the Ganga valley. After these victories, the Rashtrakuta emperor returned to South in 790 It seems that it did not have any special desire to gain control over Kannauj and it only wanted to eliminate the power of the prataharas to subdue Gujarat and Malwa. He succeeded in both his goals. Dharmapala also benefited from the weakness of the prataharas. He stood up early from his defeat and he made one of his men sit on the throne of Kannauj. Here he organized a huge court. In which many small kings of the neighborhood were participating. These include Gandhara (western Punjab and Kabul valley), Madr (central Punjab) The kings of eastern Rajasthan and Malwa were included. In this way Dharmapala can be called Uttravaswamini in true sense. After the defeat of the Pratihar empire, and the defeat of Rashtrasutas, the name of Vatsaraj is also not heard. There was a conflict between these three empires for nearly 200 years. Again, for the dominance of Kannauj, Dharmapal had to fight with the monarch 'Nagabhatta II'. A record is found near Gwalior, which was written 50 years after the death of Nagabhata, and in which his victory has been discussed. It has been mentioned that Nagabhata II conquered Malwa and parts of central India and defeated 'Turuk and Sandhav', which probably was the Arab ruler and their Turkish soldiers in Sindh. He was the Bangar Emperor, who was probably the Dharmapala, And defeated him to Munger. But once again the Rashtrakutas came in between. Rashtrakuta emperor Govind III kept his feet in northern India and Nagabhata II had to retreat. Govind III defeated him in a war near Bundelkhand. But once again the Rashtrakut Samrat returned back to South after receiving authority over Malwa and Gujarat. These incidents occurred between approximately 806 to 870 AD. When the Pala ruler failed to regain his dominance over Kannauj and Upper Ganga valley, he gave his attention to other areas. Devpal, son of Dharmapal, who sat on the throne in 810 AD and ruled for 40 years, Pragjyotishpur (Assam) and some areas of Orissa have effected its influence. Some part of Nepal was probably also under the Pal Emperors. After the death of Devpal, the Pala empire was disintegrated. But at the end of the tenth century it rose again and remained influenced by the thirteenth century.

Antique:-

The great ruler of the Pratihar dynasty was Mihir Bhoj. He discovered Kannauj (Kanyakub) in 836 and made the capital of the prataharans for almost a century. He built the city of Bhojpal (present Bhopal). King Bhoj and his other converting kings had to face many attacks from the Arab side on the west and had to be defeated.

Year 915 - 918 AD Between Kannauj, Rashtrakutra King invaded. Which made the city witty and weakened the empire's realm. In the year 1018 Kannauj saw the governor's reign, which Mahmud of Ghazni looted. The entire empire broke into independence Rajput kingdoms.

The rise of Islam in South Asia:-

In the first century after the death of Prophet Muhammad, Islam was initially entered into South Asia. Umayed Khalifa climbed in 711 at Balochistan and Sindh under Damascus led by Muhammad bin Kasin. They captured Sindh and Multan. After 300 years of his death, Sultan Mehmood Ghazni, a devout leader, started a series of raids against Rajput Rajshahi and on the wealthy Hindu temples and established his base in the Punjab for future sacrifices. In the year 1024, Sultan started his last famous quest on the southern coast of Kathiawar with the Arabian Sea, where he attacked Somnath city and also attacked many reputed Hindu temples.

Muslim invasion in India:-

After victory over Multan and Punjab, Mohammed Gori, 1175 AD Invaded India, moved forward towards Delhi. The Bahadur Rajput kings of northern India, under the leadership of Prithvi Raj Chauhan, In the first battle of Tarain, defeated. After a year of war, Mohammed Goori came back to avenge his defeat. Year 1192 AD During a terrible war in Tarain, a very dangerous war was fought in which Rajput was defeated and the earth was captured by the capture of Prithvi Raj Chauhan. The second battle of Tarain proved to be a decisive battle and laid the foundation of Muslim rule in northern India.

Sultanate of Delhi:-

In the history of India, 1206 A.D. And 1526 A.D. Period between the period is called Sultanate of Delhi. Five dynasties ruled over Delhi in more than 300 years during this period. These were the slave dynasty (1206-90), Khilji dynasty (1290-1320), Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1413), Saeed dynasty (1414-51), and Lodhi dynasty (1451-1526).

Slave dynasty

The concept of equality in Islam and Muslim traditions reached its peak in the history of South Asia, when the slaves secured Sultan status. The slave dynasty ruled this sub-continent for almost 84 years. It was the first Muslim dynasty that ruled India. A slave of Muhammad Ghori, Qutb ud Din Aibak became the ruler after the death of his master and established the slave dynasty. He was a great producer who constructed a stunning 238 feet high stone column known as Qutub Minar in Delhi.

The next important king of the slave dynasty was Shams ud Din Illatmash, who was the slave of Qutb-ud-Din Aibak. Iltutmash ruled between 1211 and 1236 for nearly 26 years and was responsible for establishing the Sultanate of Delhi on a strong basis. The capable daughter of Irituptesh, Razia Begum was her and the last Muslim woman who ruled the Takht of Delhi. He bravely fought but he was killed when he was defeated in the end.

In the end, Nasir ud Din Mahmud, the youngest son of Ithittumsh, was made sultan in 1245. While Mehmood ruled India for nearly 20 years. But during his entire tenure his main strength was in the hands of his Prime Minister Balban. On Mehmood's death, Balban took control of the throne and ruled Delhi. From 1266 to 1287, during his tenure, Balban organized the administrative structure of the empire and completed the works initiated by Ilythumash.

Khilji dynasty

After the death of Balwan, the Sultanate became weak and there were many rebellions. This was the time when the kings placed Jalal Ud Din Khaliji on the throne. This started the establishment of the Khilji Dynasty. The dynasty's reign of 1290 AD originated in. Alaudd Din Khilji, who was the nephew of Jalal ud Din Khilji, conspired and killed Sultan Jalal ud Din and became the Sultan himself in 1296. Alauddin Khilji was the first Muslim ruler, whose state included nearly all of the whole of India till the end of the South. He fought several battles, conquered Gujarat, Ranthambore, Chittaur, Malva and South. During its 20 years of rule, Mongols invaded the country many times, but they were successfully pushed back. From these invasions, Alauddin Khilji took a lesson to keep herself ready and satisfied and organized her armed forces. Year 1316 AD

Tuglak Dynasty

Gaiusuddin Tughlaq, who was the governor of Punjab during the reign of Alauddin Khilji, 1320 AD. Sitting on the throne and establishing the Tughlaq Dynasty. He conquered Warangal and rebelled in Bengal. Muhammad bin Tughluq took his father's place and moved his state forward from India to Central Asia. Mongols invaded India during the rule of Tughlaq and they were defeated this time too.

Muhammad bin Tughluq first removed his capital from Delhi in Devgiri, in the south. While it was brought back in two years. He inherited a great empire, but he could not keep many provinces under his control, especially South and Bengal. His death 1351 A.D. And his cousin Feroz Tughlaq took his place.

Firoz Tughlaq did not contribute much in furthering the empire's boundaries, which he inherited. He spent most of his power in improving people's lives. After the death of the year 1338, the Tughlaq Dynasty was nearly finished. Though the Tughlaq rule continued till 1412, the invasion of Delhi by Timur in 1398 could be called the end of the Tughlaq Empire.

Invasion of timur

During the tenure of the last king of the Tughlaq dynasty, the powerful King Timur or Temerlen, during 1398 AD In India attacked. He crossed the Indus River and captured Multan and did not face much resistance and came to Delhi.

Saeed Dynasty

After this, the Saeed Dynasty was established by Khizar Khan. Saeed has circa 1414 A.D. From 1450 AD Ruled until. Khizar Khan ruled for 37 years. Last Muhammad bin Fareed in the Saeed dynasty. The situation of confusion and rebellion remained in his tenure. This empire was followed by 1451 A.D. in over.

Lodhi dynasty

Buhlul Khan Lodi (1451-1489 AD) was the first king and founder of the Lodi dynasty. With the idea to bring Sultanate of Delhi back to his old grandeur, he conquered many areas with the mighty dynasty of Jaunpur. Buhlul Khan extended his area in Gwalior, Jaunpur and Uttar Pradesh.

Sikandar Khan Lodhi (1489-1517 AD) After the death of Buhlul Khan, his second son Nizam Shah was declared king and in 1489 he was given the title of Sultan Sikandar Shah. He made all efforts to strengthen his state and expanded his state from Punjab to Bihar. He was a very good administrator and patron of art and script. He died in 1517 AD. occurred in.

After Ibrahim Khan Lodi (1489-1517 AD) Alexander's death, his son Ibrahim was placed on the throne. Ibrahim Lodhi did not prove to be an able ruler They became more and more strict with kings. They used to humiliate him and thus in order to take revenge of these abuses, the governor of Daulat Khan Lodi, Lahore and a uncle of Sultan Ibrahim Lodi, Alam Khan invited the ruler of Kabul to take Babur to India. Ibrahim Lodi was captured by Babar's army in 1526 AD. Defeated in the war of Panipat in D. Thus the Sultanate of Delhi finally ended and the path of the Mughal rule in India was paved.