Ancient History

Vedic civilization

Vedic civilization is the earliest civilization in the history of ancient India, which is related to the arrival of Aryans. It has been named after Hindu Vedas, the earliest literature of the Hindus. The Vedic civilization developed in the areas of the Saraswati river which comes in the states of Punjab and Haryana of modern India. Vedic is synonymous with the Aryans and Hindus, it is the second name of religious and spiritual ideas derived from the Vedas. According to the largely accepted approach, a section of the Aryans reached the boundaries of the Indian subcontinent around 2000 BC and settled in the Punjab first, and it was composed of sources of Rigveda.

Aryans used to live in tribes and used Sanskrit language, which belonged to Indian-European groups of languages. Arya joined the local people respectively, and there was a historical synthesis between the Aryan tribes and the native settlers. This synthesis is later called Hindutva. Two great books of this period were Ramayana and Mahabharata.

During the life of the Buddha era :-

Lord Gautama Buddha, there were sixteen big powers (Mahajanapad) during the 7th and early 6th centuries of BC. Among the most important republics were the Shikya of Kapilavastu and the Lichchavi Republic of Vaishali. In addition to the republics, there were monarchical states, of which Kaushambi (Watts), Magadha, Kaushal, and Avanti were important. The rule of these states was with such powerful men who had adopted the policy of mixing the state and neighboring states. However, there were clear signs of republican states even when the states under the kings were expanding.

Buddha was born in 560 BCE and his death occurred in 480 BC at the age of 80. His birth place was Nakunj, named Lumbini of Kapilavastu Nagar, in the foothills of Palpa Giri of Himalaya mountain range in Nepal. Buddha, whose real name was Siddhartha Gautam, established Buddha religion which developed into a great culture in most parts of East Asia.

Invasion of Alexander:-

In 326 BC Alexander crossed the Indus river and headed towards Taxila and invaded India. Then he challenged King Pauras of the state of Jhalam and Chenab rivers in the middle of the river. Although Indians fought with elephants, which the Macedonians had never seen before, but lost the Indian after the fiercest battle. Sikandar arrested Pauras, and just as he had defeated other local kings, as if he allowed him to rule over his territory.

During his visit to the Hadesys and Indus rivers in the South, Alexander searched for philosophers, Brahmins, who were famous for their wisdom, and debated them on philosophical issues. He has remained a legend in India for centuries as his wise clever and fearless winner.

Sikandar's army was gathered in the village of Malis, one of the fiercest Indian fighters tribes. In this attack Sikandar was injured several times. When an arrow penetrates his chest's armor into his ribs, then he is seriously injured. Macedonian officials escorted him out of the village with great difficulty.

Sikandar and his army reached the mouth of the river Indus in July 325 BC, and turned west towards the house.

Maurya Empire:-

In 326 BC, the forces of Alexander were engaged in destructive wars in various states of Punjab. In Madhya Pradesh and Bihar, King Dhanand was ruling the Nand dynasty. Sikandar's invasion had created a crisis for the country. Luckily for Dhanand, he was saved from this attack. It is difficult to say whether the Nand Emperor would be able to retract the Greeks after the country had a chance to protect it. Magadha's ruler had a huge army, but the people's support was not received by him. The people were suffering from atrocities. Due to unbearable tax-burden the people of the state were dissatisfied with it. The country needed a person who could protect and increase the Magadha Empire at this time. Eliminate the crisis caused by foreign invasions and bind the different parts of the country into a government formula to fulfill the ideal of the Chakravarti emperor. Soon a person appeared on the political platform too. This person's name was 'Chandragupta' . Justin, etc. Greek scholars called it 'Cendrocontus'. William Johns was the first scholar to identify 'Sandrochottas' with 'Chandragupta' of Indian texts. This identity has become the cornerstone of the history of Indian history.
<List of rulers
1. Chandragupta Maurya 322 BC - 298 BC
2. Bindus 297 BC - -272 BC
3. Ashok 273 BC - 32 B.C.
4. Dasharath Maurya 232 BC - 224 BC
5. Presently 224 BC 215 BC
6. Shalisuk 215 BC - 202 BC
7. Devavarman 202 BC-195 BC
8. Shastdhavnya Maurya 195 BC 187 BC
9. Majority Maurya 187 BC - 185 BC
<Ashoka's after
According to the Puranas, after the Ashoka, Kunal was sitting on the throne. He was called Dharmavivardhana in Divya Vidhan, but Ashok had another son. According to Rajatarangini, Nalok has become an independent ruler of Kashmir. According to Taranath, Veerasena was the son of Ashoka, who became independent ruler of Gandhara. Thus we see that the empire was dissolved only after the death of Ashoka. Kunal was blind, so the governance was unable to work. According to Jain and Buddhist texts, the governor of the government was in the hands of his son. According to these legends, he was the only successor of Kunal. Puranas and inscriptions of 'caves of Nagarjuni hills' According to Dasaratha was the son of Kunal. Dasarath had donated the Nagarjuni caves to the livelihoods. Based on these proofs it was presented that the Magadha empire was divided into two parts. Dashrath was in the eastern part of the empire and in the western part of the present. According to Vishnu Purana and Gargi Samhita, after the present and after Dashrath, the notable Maurya ruler was 'Salisuk'. It can be considered as Jupiter, the son of the present. The name of the last emperor of Magadha has also been given as 'Greaterity' in the Puranas but in Harshcharit. According to them, the last emperor of the Maurya dynasty, the great massacre, Pushyamitra, his commander, was killed and got himself mounted on the throne. Was there. It can be considered as Jupiter, the son of the present. The name of the last emperor of Magadha has also been given as 'Greaterity' in the Puranas but in Harshcharit. According to them, the last emperor of the Maurya dynasty, the great massacre, Pushyamitra, his commander, was killed and got himself mounted on the throne. Was there. It can be considered as Jupiter, the son of the present. The name of the last emperor of Magadha has also been given as 'Greaterity' in the Puranas but in Harshcharit. According to them, the last emperor of the Maurya dynasty, the great massacre, Pushyamitra, his commander, was killed and got himself mounted on the throne.

Mahendra and daughter Sanghamitra

Ashok took Buddhism, took effective steps to spread the teachings of this religion not only in the country but also in foreign countries. Ashok sent his son Mahendra and daughter Sanghamitra to Sri Lanka for the same work. During his tenure, Ashoka carved several inscriptions in which the sermons were engraved. He was the first to take the reign of power to various functions of the people's welfare. Many Stupas and pillars were built. Among them is Sarnath's famous Leopard Column which is now honored as the emblem of India.
<Reasons for the collapse of the Mauryan Empire
It was only after Ashoka that the collapse of the Maurya Empire had started and within 50 years this empire ended. The destruction of such a large empire in such a short time is such a phenomenon that the curiosity of the causes of empire destruction in the historians is inherently natural.
Mauryan India
For the economic, governance of the Mauryan Empire and the economics of Kautilya, the records of Magnathianj Indica and Ashoka properly understood for religion and art related information, it will know that they are complementary to each other. Junagadh inscriptions of Rudra Daman also provide important information regarding the provincial governance. There is a difference of opinion among the scholars regarding the authenticity of economics for information of Mauryan period. Based on the conventional belief, it was compiled by Chandragupta Maurya's Minister Chanakya (Vishnugupta) The fourth century is said to be. But modern scientific research has expressed its apprehension of this opinion. In this context, the mention of Transton's research work will not be inappropriate. By the statistical analysis of the style of economics, he has clarified that it was not created in a particular era but in different centuries, and that is why it is the work of different hands, not being a person special. Where there are some chapters of Mauryan period, there are many chapters which were composed in the 3rd, 4th century AD.

After the Gupta Empire :-

Kushanas, the Gupta Empire was a very important empire. The secret period is called the golden age of Indian history. Chandragupta was the son of Ghatotkacha, the first famous emperor of the Gupta Empire. He married Kumar Devi, the daughter of the chief of the lecturers. This marriage was about to change the life of Chandragupta. He was received from Lachchiwians in Pataliputra Dowry. From Pataliputra, he laid the foundation stone of his empire, and with the help of the elopiers, he started conquering many neighboring states. He ruled Magadha (Bihar), Prayag and Saket (Eastern Uttar Pradesh). His empire stretched from the river Ganges to Allahabad. Chandragupta was honored with the title of Maharajadhiraj and he ruled for fifteen years.

Chandragupta's successor saturagupta 330 AD, which ruled for almost 50 years. He was a very talented warrior and is told that he led a military campaign throughout the South and defeated the Banvassi tribes of the Vidhya region.

Chandragupta, the successor of Samundragupta, also known as Vikramaditya. He conquered the major territories of Malwa, Gujarat and Kathiawar. This has given them extraordinary wealth and by this there is an increase in the prosperity of the secret state. During this period Gupta kings started sea trade with the Western countries. It is possible that during his reign, the great poet and playwright of Kaliidas and many other scientists and scholars flourished.


Decline of the Secret GovernmentIn the end of the 5th century AD and 6th century AD, the decline of secret rule in northern India increased in very small independent states and also attracted the invasions of foreign hunts. The leader of the Hunas was Torahora. He succeeded in grabbing large parts of the Gupta empire. His son Mihirakul was very cruel and barbarous and the worst known dictator. Two local powerful princesses of Yashodharman of Malwa and Baladitya of Magadha crushed his power and ended his empire in India.

Harshavardhana

at the start of the 7th century, Harshvardhan (606-647 AD) took over the throne of Thaneswar and Kannauj on the death of his brother Rajyavardhan. By 612 AD, the kingdom reinforced its empire.

In 620 AD, Harshavardhana invaded the Chalukya empire in the south, which was ruled by Pulakesan II at that time, but Chalukya did a tremendous resistance and Harshvardhan was defeated. Harshavardhana's religious coefficiency, the ability to make administrative skills and diplomatic relations are well known. He established diplomatic relations with China and sent his ambassadors there, who exchanged ideas with Chinese rulers and developed their knowledge in relation to each other.

The Chinese traveler Huansang, who came to India during his reign, gave a live description of social, economic and religious conditions during Harshvardhan's rule and praised Harsh Vardhan. After the death of Harshvardhan, India once again was deprived of the central power of India.
<Chalukya of Badami
Chalukya was powerful in South India during the 6 th and 8 th century AD. Pulcasan, the first ruler of this empire, rose to power in 540 BC and by winning many glorious victories he established a powerful empire. Her sons Kirtivarman and Mangalsa earned success by making several wars with their neighbors, including Mauryan of Konkan and expanded their kingdom.

Pelkasan II, son of Kirtivarman, was one of the great rulers of the Chalukya empire, who ruled for about 34 years. During his long reign, he reinforced his position in Maharashtra and won the large territory of the South, his biggest achievement was to fight a defensive war against Harshvardhan.

However in 642 Pallava King defeated Pulakesan and killed him. His son Vikramaditya, who was a great ruler like his father, sat on the throne. He started the struggle again against his enemies in the South. He recovered the old glory of the Chalukyas to a great extent. Even his great-grandfather Vikramaditya II was a great warrior. In 753 AD, Vikramaditya and his son's Danti Durga turned a coup named Sardar Durga. He established another great empire in Maharashtra and Karnataka which was called the nation code.


Kanchi PallavaIn the last quarter of the sixth century, Pallava king Sinhavishnu became powerful and won the area between Krishna and Kaveri rivers. His son and successor Mahendravarman was a talented person who, unfortunately, lost the northern part of his state, defeating the Chalukya king Pulakesan II. But his son Narasimha Verman first suppressed Chalukya power. Pallava reached its climax during the reign of Narasimha Verman II. He was famous for his achievements in architecture, he built many temples and art and literature flourished in his time. The great scholar of Sanskrit, DanDin was in his court. However, after the death of the Pallava empire, it was demolished. Over time, it remained as the power of the local clan only. Eventually Chola king took the 9th century.

The ancient history of India has seen the rise and fall of many empires, who have left behind such a legacy, which is still echoing in the golden history of India. 9th century The medieval history of India ended with the emergence of Pala, Army, Pratihar and Nation code etc.