Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1700 BC) This Harappa culture was one of the major civilizations of the ancient river valley civilizations of the world.
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Places of Harappan Culture:-
It is said to be the Harappan culture that first of all this civilization was discovered in 1924 in the place called Harappa of the Punjab province of modern Pakistan. The center of this mature civilization was in the Punjab and Sindh. Thereafter, its expanse is in the direction of South and East. Thus, under the Harappan culture, there were not only the parts of Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan but also the marginal portion of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh. Its dispersal ranges from Jammu to the north to Narmada in the north and to Makaran coast of Balochistan in the west and to Meerut in the north east. This entire region is triangular and its area is 12,99,600 square kilometers. In this way, this area is bigger than modern Pakistan, Larger than ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. In the third and second millennium BC, the world of any civilization was not bigger than the Harappan culture in world weight. So far, the total 1000 sites of this culture have been discovered in the Indian subcontinent. Some of these are of early stages, some of the mature state and some of the succulent states. There are fewer places of mature age. Only half of these can be given the name of the city. Two of these cities are very important - the movement of Punjab's Harappa and Sindh (the literal meaning - the hill of the demons). Both are located in Pakistan. The two were 483 km away from each other and were connected by river Indus. The third city was Mohan, which was located at Chhanhudo in 130 km south of the raid, the fourth town on the site of Lothal on the Gulf of Khambhat in Gujarat. Apart from this, Kalibangan in the northern part of Rajasthan (literally meaning - black color Bangles) and Hissar district of Haryana. All these places have a philosophy of mature and advanced Harappa culture. Situated in the seaside cities of Sutkagandor and Surkotada, the mature state of this culture is also seen. The characteristics of both of these are a one city fort. Uttar Pradesh has also been found in Rangipur and Rosadi sites in the Hardyan Peninsula of Gujarat.Town planning
The most important thing about this civilization was the developed town-building plan here. The Harappan and Mohanes were the fortresses of both the towns where the family of the ruling class lived. In each city there was a lower level city outside the fort, where ordinary people lived in brick houses. The special thing about these municipal buildings was that they were configured as a trap. That is, the roads used to cut each other at right angles and the city was divided into several rectangular segments. These things were applicable to all Indus settlements even if they were small or large. Harappa and Mohanes, who used to grow in the buildings of the police force. The monuments there are proof that the rulers of the country were the most skilled in mobilizing and tax collection. By looking at the big bricks of bricks, the ordinary people will also feel how proud and dignified these rulers were. Mohan, the most famous venue of the show, is the huge public bath, whose reservoir is in the dug of the fort. This is a beautiful example of brick architecture. It is 11.88 meters long, 7.01 meters wide and 2.43 meters deep. Both stairs are on the stairs to the floor. There are clothes changing rooms next door. The bathroom floor is made of ripe bricks. There is a large well in the adjoining room, which was removed from water and put in hose. There is an outlet in the corner of the hauz, where water flows into the drain. It is believed that this huge bathhouse will be made for bathing of rituals which is essential for traditional religious activities in India. The mahas, which is the largest structure of the clock - the storehouse of grain, which is 45.71 meters long and 15.23 meters wide. There are six warehouses in the fort of Harappa, standing in two sides on the bricks of bricks. Every room is 15.23 m Tall and 6 09m It is wide and is only a few meters away from the banks of the river. The area of these twelve units is approximately 838.125 square meters. It is almost as much as the Mohan Jodro's storehouse. The Harappan has open floors in the south of the storehouses and on it there are two circular circular bricks in the queue. Grains of wheat and barley have been found in the cracks of the floor. From this it appears that there was a grain of harvest on these papules. Two-room barracks were also found in Harappa, which were probably made for laborers to live. In Kalibang, there are bricks of bricks in the southern part of the city, which probably will be made for the storerooms. Thus it is clear that the Kohathad was an integral part of the Harappan culture. It is almost as much as the Mohan Jodro's storehouse. The Harappan has open floors in the south of the storehouses and on it there are two circular circular bricks in the queue. Grains of wheat and barley have been found in the cracks of the floor. From this it appears that there was a grain of harvest on these papules. Two-room barracks were also found in Harappa, which were probably made for laborers to live. In Kalibang, there are bricks of bricks in the southern part of the city, which probably will be made for the storerooms. Thus it is clear that the Kohathad was an integral part of the Harappan culture. It is almost as much as the Mohan Jodro's storehouse. The Harappan has open floors in the south of the storehouses and on it there are two circular circular bricks in the queue. Grains of wheat and barley have been found in the cracks of the floor. From this it appears that there was a grain of harvest on these papules. Two-room barracks were also found in Harappa, which were probably made for laborers to live. In Kalibang, there are bricks of bricks in the southern part of the city, which probably will be made for the storerooms. Thus it is clear that the Kohathad was an integral part of the Harappan culture. Will be made for the warehouses. Thus it is clear that the Kohathad was an integral part of the Harappan culture. Will be made for the warehouses. Thus it is clear that the Kohathad was an integral part of the Harappan culture. The use of brick in the cities of Harappan culture is a special thing, because in the Egyptian buildings of this time dry brick was used in the sun. The use of ripe bricks in contemporary Mesopatamia is available but not as large as in the Indus Valley civilization.Current Affaiars Click Here
Drainage system
Mohsen Jora, which ran the drainage system was amazing. Every small or large house of almost every town had courtyard and bath. Many houses in Kalibangan had their own wells. The water of the houses flows down to the streets, where the moles (drains) were made under them. Often these peacocks would have been covered with bricks and stone cords. Narmoko were also made in these morsels of roads. Ruins of roads and peacocks were also found in
Agriculture
Sindhu Pradesh was very prevalent in the East today. In the 4th century BC, a historian from Sikandar had said that Sindh was counted in the upper regions of this country. Natural vegetation was very prevalent in the past, due to which there was good rainfall. Wood was used extensively for making bricks and making buildings from the forests, due to which the gradual expansion of forests was reduced. One reason for the fertility of Indus was also the flood that came from the river Sindhu annually. The wall of a rickety brick indicates that the flood was coming every year to protect the village. People used to sow seeds in the floodplains in the month of November after the floods plunged, and before the arrival of the next flood, the wheat and barley harvest were harvested in the month of april. There is no shovel or fall here, but the kanti (Halarekha) of the pre-Harappan civilization of Kalibang has got the impression that in Rajasthan The people of Indus Valley Civilization used to produce grains like wheat, barley, mustard, peas etc. They used to produce two varieties of wheat. Barley is available in a variety of advanced varieties. Apart from this, they also cultivated sesame and mustard. The first cotton was born here first. In the name of this, the people of Greece started saying this syndon (Sindon).
Animal husbandry
Harappa was an agrarian culture, but people used to animal husbandry too. Bullocks, buffaloes, goats, sheep and pigs were used. Humbling people had a special humor. Dogs were one of the pets from the beginning. The cat was also reared. Both the dog and the cat have footprints. People also kept donkeys and camels and probably used to carry them off. Signs of the existence of the horse are found from an upper surface of Mohenjodaro and a suspected sculpture found in Lothal. Harappan people had knowledge of elephants and rhinoceros.
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Business
The people here used to trade each other with stones, metal scales (bone) etc. In a large terrain there is evidence of a lot of seal (monumental), uniform script and standardized measurement weights. They were familiar with the wheel and probably used a vehicle like today's ats (chariots). They used to trade with Afghanistan and Iran (Persian). They established a commercial colony in northern Afghanistan, which helped them to trade. Many Harappai seals have been found in Mesopotamia, which seem to have had trade links with Mesopotamia. The records of Mesopotamia are found in trade with Meluhah, as well as two intermediate business centers - Dalmun and Makan. Dilmun can be identified by the Bahrain of Persian Gulf.
Political framework
It is so obvious that the existence of Harappan's developed city-building system, the existence of huge public baths, and business relations from abroad would have not happened without any major political power, but there is no convincing evidence that there were rulers here and the nature of the governance system Was there.
Religion
Harappa has found a large number of female figurines of ripe mud. A statue shows a plant emerging from the womb of a woman. According to scholars, this earth is a statue of the Goddess and it will be closely related to the birth and growth of plants. It is therefore known that the people here considered the earth as the goddess of fertility and worshiped it in the same way as the people of Egypt, the goddess of the Nile, Isis of the river. But like ancient Egypt, it is difficult to say whether its society was also a maternal apex. Some Vedic Sutras have praised Mother Mother, but they have not been given any prominence. In Hinduism only, in the long run, Mother Goddess has attained high status. Since the sixth century of Christ and thereafter the goddesses of Durga, Amba, Chandi etc. have found the place of adorable ladies.
Male deity
Found a picture of a male deity on a seal found here. He has three horns on his head and he is sitting in Padmassan in the currency of the yogi. Around it there is an elephant, a rhinoceros and a tiger and under the asana there is a buffalo and two deer near the feet. Its image joins the mythical Pashupati Mahadev. Here, gender worship was also practiced and in many places the stones and vagina have been found. In Rigveda there is discussion of sexually suggestive non-genial castes. The people here were also tree worshipers. In the middle of a pinnacle of the peal, a deity is pictured in a maroon. This tree, the worship of Aaj Tak continues. They also believed in animal worship. Unlike its contemporary Egyptian civilization, there is no evidence of any temple in the Indus Valley civilization.
Craft and technical knowledge
Although people of this age used many tools and tools of stones, but they were well aware of the construction of bronze. Metallic bronze used to make copper and tin together. However, none of the two minerals was available in abundance here. Cotton clothes were also woven. People used to make boat too. Making seven kitchenware of currency making, figurine was also a major craft.
Script
Measurement
Knowledge of script has become easy due to the accounting of private property. They needed measuring weights for business and they used it too. Many items like wallet have been found. They discover that weighing 16 or its recurveurs (such as 16, 32, 48, 64, 160, 320, 640, 1280 etc.) were used. The interesting thing is that till the modern times, India had to pay Rs 1 rupee 16. There were 4 buns in 1 kg and in every paddy there were 4 Kanva i.e. a kilo in total 16 Kanva.
The expiration
This civilization is mainly of 2500 BC From 1800 BC Till then It is an impression that this civilization was breathing in its last phase. At this time houses get information about the use of old bricks. The scholars are unanimous on the causes of its destruction. Different logic is given after the end of the Indus Valley Civilization, such as: 1. Terrorism attack 2. Water changes and ecological imbalances 3. Strong and geometric changes 4.Memory 5. Economic reasons It seems that there was not a single reason for the fall of this civilization but it happened because of the combination of various reasons.
Indus Valley Civilization:-
The history of India started with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization, and more precisely if it is said, it is considered to be the beginning of Harappan civilization. It flourished in approximately 2500 BC in the western part of South Asia, which today is called Pakistan and Western India. The Indus Valley was home to four ancient urban biggest civilizations of Mesoamerica, Mesopotamia, India and China. Nothing was known about this civilization until about 1920, when the Indian Archaeological Department began the excavation of the Indus Valley, in which two old cities namely Mohan Jodado and Harappa were expelled. Broken items of buildings and other things such as household items, war weapons, gold and silver jewelery, seals, toys, utensils etc. show that in this area about a thousand years ago, a highly developed civilization flourished.Indus Valley civilization was essentially an urban civilization and people living here lived in a well-planned and well-built towns, which were also the centers of business. The ruins of Mohan Jodado and Harappa show that these grand business towns were made of scientific sight and they were well cared for. There was wide roads and a well-developed exit system. The houses were made of cooked bricks and they had two or more floors.
The art of growing grains, wheat and barley was known in Harappa, a highly developed civilization, from which they used to prepare their fat food. They also consumed vegetables and fruits and meat, pig and egg. Evidence suggests that they wore woolen and cotton clothes. The Harappan civilization ended from the year 1500 to BC. Several reasons prevailing in the Indus Valley civilization include the invasion of Aryans, constant floods and other natural calamities like earthquake etc.
